Roofers

Construction and Extraction Occupations
O*NET-SOC code
47-2181.00

Cover roofs of structures with shingles, slate, asphalt, aluminum, wood, or related materials. May spray roofs, sidings, and walls with material to bind, seal, insulate, or soundproof sections of structures.

  • Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08

    Low· relative

    LowFour relative bandsVery high

    Group-level value

    Scale, basis and source

    Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)

    831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band

    Source dataset (XLSX download)

  • Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03

    0.016

    0.000Range of values carried here0.745
    Scale, basis and source

    Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published

    Mapped onto O*NET tasks

    Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value

    Source dataset (CSV download)

  • Data source: ILOPublished: 2025

    0.13

    0.09Range of values carried here0.70

    Group-level value

    Scale, basis and source

    Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published

    Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published

    Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Exposed tasks only

28 rated tasks · 2 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (7.1%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

  • Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
  • 3 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
Source
OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release
gh-main-0471612
License
MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Task (O*NET 20.1)Claude.aiRaw / share %APIRaw / share %
Estimate materials and labor required to complete roofing jobs.

47-2181.00

0.0036100.00.0055100.0
Not observed on any surface — 27 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states.
Inspect problem roofs to determine the best repair procedures.
—0—0
Set up scaffolding to provide safe access to roofs.
—0—0
Cement or nail flashing strips of metal or shingle over joints to make them watertight.
—0—0
Install, repair, or replace single-ply roofing systems, using waterproof sheet materials such as modified plastics, elastomeric, or other asphaltic compositions.
—0—0
Cut felt, shingles, or strips of flashing to fit angles formed by walls, vents, or intersecting roof surfaces.
—0—0
Install vapor barriers or layers of insulation on flat roofs.
—0—0
Cover exposed nailheads with roofing cement or caulking to prevent water leakage or rust.
—0—0
Install partially overlapping layers of material over roof insulation surfaces, using chalk lines, gauges on shingling hatchets, or lines on shingles.
—0—0
Cover roofs or exterior walls of structures with slate, asphalt, aluminum, wood, gravel, gypsum, or related materials, using brushes, knives, punches, hammers, or other tools.
—0—0
Remove snow, water, or debris from roofs prior to applying roofing materials.
—0—0
Apply alternate layers of hot asphalt or tar and roofing paper to roofs.
—0—0
Waterproof or damp-proof walls, floors, roofs, foundations, or basements by painting or spraying surfaces with waterproof coatings or by attaching waterproofing membranes to surfaces.
—0—0
Mop or pour hot asphalt or tar onto roof bases.
—0—0
Apply plastic coatings, membranes, fiberglass, or felt over sloped roofs before applying shingles.
—0—0
Smooth rough spots to prepare surfaces for waterproofing, using hammers, chisels, or rubbing bricks.
—0—0
Glaze top layers to make a smooth finish or embed gravel in the bitumen for rough surfaces.
—0—0
Apply gravel or pebbles over top layers of roofs, using rakes or stiff-bristled brooms.
—0—0
Apply reflective roof coatings, such as special paints or single-ply roofing sheets, to existing roofs to reduce solar heat absorption.
—0—0
Install attic ventilation systems, such as turbine vents, gable or ridge vents, or conventional or solar-powered exhaust fans.
—0—0
Install skylights on roofs to increase natural light inside structures or to reduce energy costs.
—0—0
Attach roofing paper to roofs in overlapping strips to form bases for other materials.
—0—0
Spray roofs, sidings, or walls to bind, seal, insulate, or soundproof sections of structures, using spray guns, air compressors, or heaters.
—0—0
Punch holes in slate, tile, terra cotta, or wooden shingles, using punches and hammers.
—0—0
Apply modular soil- and plant-containing grids over existing roof membranes to create green roofs.
—0—0
Attach solar panels to existing roofs, according to specifications and without damaging roofing materials or the structural integrity of buildings.
—0—0
Install layers of vegetation-based green roofs, including protective membranes, drainage, aeration, water retention and filter layers, soil substrates, irrigation materials, and plants.
—0—0
Install solar roofing systems that have energy-collecting photovoltaic panels built into roofing membranes, shingles, or tiles.
—0—0

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (25)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)Type
Inspect problem roofs to determine the best repair procedures.Core
Set up scaffolding to provide safe access to roofs.Core
Cement or nail flashing strips of metal or shingle over joints to make them watertight.Core
Install, repair, or replace single-ply roofing systems, using waterproof sheet materials such as modified plastics, elastomeric, or other asphaltic compositions.Core
Cut felt, shingles, or strips of flashing to fit angles formed by walls, vents, or intersecting roof surfaces.Core
Install vapor barriers or layers of insulation on flat roofs.Core
Cover exposed nailheads with roofing cement or caulking to prevent water leakage or rust.Core
Install partially overlapping layers of material over roof insulation surfaces, using chalk lines, gauges on shingling hatchets, or lines on shingles.Core
Cover roofs or exterior walls of structures with slate, asphalt, aluminum, wood, gravel, gypsum, or related materials, using brushes, knives, punches, hammers, or other tools.Core
Remove snow, water, or debris from roofs prior to applying roofing materials.Core
Waterproof or damp-proof walls, floors, roofs, foundations, or basements by painting or spraying surfaces with waterproof coatings or by attaching waterproofing membranes to surfaces.Core
Apply plastic coatings, membranes, fiberglass, or felt over sloped roofs before applying shingles.Core
Smooth rough spots to prepare surfaces for waterproofing, using hammers, chisels, or rubbing bricks.Core
Glaze top layers to make a smooth finish or embed gravel in the bitumen for rough surfaces.Core
Apply gravel or pebbles over top layers of roofs, using rakes or stiff-bristled brooms.Core
Punch holes in slate, tile, terra cotta, or wooden shingles, using punches and hammers.Core
Apply reflective roof coatings, such as special paints or single-ply roofing sheets, to existing roofs to reduce solar heat absorption.Core
Install attic ventilation systems, such as turbine vents, gable or ridge vents, or conventional or solar-powered exhaust fans.Core
Install skylights on roofs to increase natural light inside structures or to reduce energy costs.Core
Attach roofing paper to roofs in overlapping strips to form bases for other materials.Core
Apply alternate layers of hot asphalt or tar and roofing paper to roofs.Supplemental
Spray roofs, sidings, or walls to bind, seal, insulate, or soundproof sections of structures, using spray guns, air compressors, or heaters.Supplemental
Mop or pour hot asphalt or tar onto roof bases.Supplemental
Attach solar panels to existing roofs, according to specifications and without damaging roofing materials or the structural integrity of buildings.Supplemental
Estimate materials and labor required to complete roofing jobs.Supplemental

Occupation information

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025
167K
Projected employment, 2035
176K
Change (2025–35)
+5.3%
Median annual wage, 2025
$55,440
Typical education needed for entry
No formal educational credential
lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO codeKSCO titleRelationStatus
78399그 외 건축 마감 관련 기능 종사원This occupation is narrowerconfirmed
78320방수공Overlapping, not the sameconfirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

  • ISCO-08 7121Roofers

The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.

Roofers build and repair roofs on all types of buildings using one or more kinds of material.

Tasks

  • (a) studying drawings, specifications and construction sites to determine materials required;
  • (b) covering roof frameworks with slate and pre-fabricated tiles to cover pitched roofs;
  • (c) laying a waterproof shield and fixing metallic or synthetic materials to a building’s frame;
  • (d) sizing and cutting roofing materials to fit around edges, corners and protuberances such as chimneys;
  • (e) using natural materials such as thatching to provide roof coverings;
  • (f) creating temporary structures such as scaffolding and ladders.

Example occupations

Asphalt roofer · Metal roofer · Roof fixer · Roof tiler · Slate roofer · Thatcher

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

  • rooferESCO 7121.1Same scope

    Roofers cover structures with roofs. They install the weight-bearing elements of a roof, either flat or pitched, then cover it with a weatherproof layer.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME codeROME title (French)Relation
F1619Couvreur / CouvreuseSame scopeprovisional
F1613Etancheur / EtancheuseOverlapping, not the sameprovisional
F1610Installateur mainteneur / Installatrice mainteneuse en systèmes solaires, thermiques et photovoltaïquesRelated, not a matchprovisional

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 codeCNO-11 title (Spanish)Relation
7291Montadores de cubiertasSame scopeprovisional
7193Instaladores de sistemas de impermeabilización en edificiosRelated, not a matchprovisional

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB codeKldB title (German)Relation
32142Berufe in der Dachdeckerei - fachlich ausgerichtete TätigkeitenSame scopeprovisional
33233Berufe in der Bauwerksabdichtung - komplexe SpezialistentätigkeitenRelated, not a match
33232Berufe in der Bauwerksabdichtung - fachlich ausgerichtete TätigkeitenRelated, not a matchprovisional

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO codeJSCO title (Japanese)Relation
663屋根ふき従事者This occupation is broader
526板金従事者Related, not a match
669その他の建設従事者Related, not a match

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources