Sheet Metal Workers
Construction and Extraction Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 47-2211.00
Fabricate, assemble, install, and repair sheet metal products and equipment, such as ducts, control boxes, drainpipes, and furnace casings. Work may involve any of the following: setting up and operating fabricating machines to cut, bend, and straighten sheet metal; shaping metal over anvils, blocks, or forms using hammer; operating soldering and welding equipment to join sheet metal parts; or inspecting, assembling, and smoothing seams and joints of burred surfaces. Includes sheet metal duct installers who install prefabricated sheet metal ducts used for heating, air conditioning, or other purposes.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.21
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only24 rated tasks · 3 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (12.5%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 5 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Inspect individual parts, assemblies, or installations, using measuring instruments, such as calipers, scales, or micrometers.47-2211.00 | 0.0044100.0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 23 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | |
Convert blueprints into shop drawings to be followed in the construction or assembly of sheet metal products. | —0 |
Install assemblies, such as flashing, pipes, tubes, heating and air conditioning ducts, furnace casings, rain gutters, or downspouts in supportive frameworks. | —0 |
Select gauges or types of sheet metal or nonmetallic material, according to product specifications. | —0 |
Fasten seams or joints together with welds, bolts, cement, rivets, solder, caulks, metal drive clips, or bonds to assemble components into products or to repair sheet metal items. | —0 |
Fabricate or alter parts at construction sites, using shears, hammers, punches, or drills. | —0 |
Trim, file, grind, deburr, buff, or smooth surfaces, seams, or joints of assembled parts, using hand tools or portable power tools. | —0 |
Finish parts, using hacksaws or hand, rotary, or squaring shears. | —0 |
Maintain equipment, making repairs or modifications when necessary. | —0 |
Shape metal material over anvils, blocks, or other forms, using hand tools. | —0 |
Transport prefabricated parts to construction sites for assembly and installation. | —0 |
Hire, train, or supervise new employees or apprentices. | —0 |
Fabricate ducts for high efficiency heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to maximize efficiency of systems. | —0 |
Determine project requirements, such as scope, assembly sequences, or required methods or materials, using blueprints, drawings, or written or verbal instructions. | —0 |
Lay out, measure, and mark dimensions and reference lines on material such as roofing panels, using calculators, scribes, dividers, squares, or rulers. | —0 |
Construct components for high-performance wind turbine systems. | —0 |
Install green architectural sheet metal components, such as cool roofs or hot or cold walls. | —0 |
Perform building commissioning activities by completing mechanical inspections of a building's water, lighting, or heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. | —0 |
Perform sheet metal work necessary for solar panel installations. | —0 |
Verify that heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are designed, installed, and calibrated in accordance with green certification standards, such as those of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). | —0 |
Develop or lay out patterns, using computerized metalworking equipment. | —0 |
Maneuver completed roofing units into position for installation. | —0 |
Secure metal roof panels in place by interlocking and fastening grooved panel edges. | —0 |
Fasten roof panel edges or machine-made moldings to structures by nailing or welding. | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Convert blueprints into shop drawings to be followed in the construction or assembly of sheet metal products.O*NET Task ID 5169 | 0.5 |
Determine project requirements, such as scope, assembly sequences, or required methods or materials, using blueprints, drawings, or written or verbal instructions.O*NET Task ID 20638 | 0.5 |
Develop or lay out patterns, using computerized metalworking equipment.O*NET Task ID 20640 | 0.5 |
Install assemblies, such as flashing, pipes, tubes, heating and air conditioning ducts, furnace casings, rain gutters, or downspouts in supportive frameworks.O*NET Task ID 5170 | 0.0 |
Select gauges or types of sheet metal or nonmetallic material, according to product specifications.O*NET Task ID 5171 | 0.0 |
Fasten seams or joints together with welds, bolts, cement, rivets, solder, caulks, metal drive clips, or bonds to assemble components into products or to repair sheet metal items.O*NET Task ID 5173 | 0.0 |
Fabricate or alter parts at construction sites, using shears, hammers, punches, or drills.O*NET Task ID 5174 | 0.0 |
Trim, file, grind, deburr, buff, or smooth surfaces, seams, or joints of assembled parts, using hand tools or portable power tools.O*NET Task ID 5175 | 0.0 |
Finish parts, using hacksaws or hand, rotary, or squaring shears.O*NET Task ID 5176 | 0.0 |
Maintain equipment, making repairs or modifications when necessary.O*NET Task ID 5177 | 0.0 |
Shape metal material over anvils, blocks, or other forms, using hand tools.O*NET Task ID 5178 | 0.0 |
Transport prefabricated parts to construction sites for assembly and installation.O*NET Task ID 5179 | 0.0 |
Hire, train, or supervise new employees or apprentices.O*NET Task ID 18782 | 0.0 |
Construct components for high-performance wind turbine systems.O*NET Task ID 19857 | 0.0 |
Fabricate ducts for high efficiency heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to maximize efficiency of systems.O*NET Task ID 19858 | 0.0 |
Install green architectural sheet metal components, such as cool roofs or hot or cold walls.O*NET Task ID 19859 | 0.0 |
Perform building commissioning activities by completing mechanical inspections of a building's water, lighting, or heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.O*NET Task ID 19860 | 0.0 |
Perform sheet metal work necessary for solar panel installations.O*NET Task ID 19861 | 0.0 |
Verify that heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are designed, installed, and calibrated in accordance with green certification standards, such as those of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED).O*NET Task ID 19862 | 0.0 |
Lay out, measure, and mark dimensions and reference lines on material, such as roofing panels, using calculators, scribes, dividers, squares, or rulers.O*NET Task ID 20639 | 0.0 |
Maneuver completed roofing units into position for installation.O*NET Task ID 20641 | 0.0 |
Inspect individual parts, assemblies, or installations, using measuring instruments, such as calipers, scales, or micrometers.O*NET Task ID 20642 | 0.0 |
Secure metal roof panels in place by interlocking and fastening grooved panel edges.O*NET Task ID 20643 | 0.0 |
Fasten roof panel edges or machine-made moldings to structures by nailing or welding.O*NET Task ID 20644 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (19)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Install assemblies, such as flashing, pipes, tubes, heating and air conditioning ducts, furnace casings, rain gutters, or downspouts in supportive frameworks. | Core |
| Select gauges or types of sheet metal or nonmetallic material, according to product specifications. | Core |
| Fasten seams or joints together with welds, bolts, cement, rivets, solder, caulks, metal drive clips, or bonds to assemble components into products or to repair sheet metal items. | Core |
| Fabricate or alter parts at construction sites, using shears, hammers, punches, or drills. | Core |
| Trim, file, grind, deburr, buff, or smooth surfaces, seams, or joints of assembled parts, using hand tools or portable power tools. | Core |
| Maintain equipment, making repairs or modifications when necessary. | Core |
| Shape metal material over anvils, blocks, or other forms, using hand tools. | Core |
| Transport prefabricated parts to construction sites for assembly and installation. | Core |
| Hire, train, or supervise new employees or apprentices. | Core |
| Fabricate ducts for high efficiency heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to maximize efficiency of systems. | Core |
| Determine project requirements, such as scope, assembly sequences, or required methods or materials, using blueprints, drawings, or written or verbal instructions. | Core |
| Lay out, measure, and mark dimensions and reference lines on material, such as roofing panels, using calculators, scribes, dividers, squares, or rulers. | Core |
| Maneuver completed roofing units into position for installation. | Core |
| Convert blueprints into shop drawings to be followed in the construction or assembly of sheet metal products. | Supplemental |
| Finish parts, using hacksaws or hand, rotary, or squaring shears. | Supplemental |
| Perform building commissioning activities by completing mechanical inspections of a building's water, lighting, or heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. | Supplemental |
| Verify that heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are designed, installed, and calibrated in accordance with green certification standards, such as those of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). | Supplemental |
| Inspect individual parts, assemblies, or installations, using measuring instruments, such as calipers, scales, or micrometers. | Supplemental |
| Fasten roof panel edges or machine-made moldings to structures by nailing or welding. | Supplemental |
0.86/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Install assemblies, such as flashing, pipes, tubes, heating and air conditioning ducts, furnace casings, rain gutters, or downspouts in supportive frameworks. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Fasten seams or joints together with welds, bolts, cement, rivets, solder, caulks, metal drive clips, or bonds to assemble components into products or to repair sheet metal items. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Fabricate or alter parts at construction sites, using shears, hammers, punches, or drills. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Trim, file, grind, deburr, buff, or smooth surfaces, seams, or joints of assembled parts, using hand tools or portable power tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Maintain equipment, making repairs or modifications when necessary. | E0 none |
| Shape metal material over anvils, blocks, or other forms, using hand tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Transport prefabricated parts to construction sites for assembly and installation. | E2 structured facilities |
| Fabricate ducts for high efficiency heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to maximize efficiency of systems. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Lay out, measure, and mark dimensions and reference lines on material, such as roofing panels, using calculators, scribes, dividers, squares, or rulers. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Maneuver completed roofing units into position for installation. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Finish parts, using hacksaws or hand, rotary, or squaring shears. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Perform building commissioning activities by completing mechanical inspections of a building's water, lighting, or heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. | E0 none |
| Verify that heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are designed, installed, and calibrated in accordance with green certification standards, such as those of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). | E0 none |
| Inspect individual parts, assemblies, or installations, using measuring instruments, such as calipers, scales, or micrometers. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Fasten roof panel edges or machine-made moldings to structures by nailing or welding. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 131K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 134K
- Change (2025–35)
- +2.5%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $61,800
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 74050 | 판금원 | Same scope | confirmed |
| 84170 | 판금기 조작원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 7213Sheet Metal Workers
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Sheet metal workers make, install and repair articles and parts of articles made out of sheet metal such as sheet steel, copper, tin, brass, aluminium, zinc or galvanised iron.
Tasks
- (a) marking sheet metal for cutting and shaping;
- (b) making and repairing household utensils and other articles in tin, copper and light alloys, or ornamental articles and fittings;
- (c) making and repairing boilers, tanks, vats and similar containers;
- (d) installing and repairing sheet-metal parts of vehicles and aircraft;
- (e) converting blueprints into shop drawings to be followed in the construction and assembly of sheet metal products;
- (f) determining project requirements, including scope, assembly sequences, and required methods and materials, according to blueprints, drawings, and written or verbal instructions;
- (g) inspecting product quality and installation to ensure conformance to specifications.
Example occupations
Boilersmith · Coppersmith · Panel beater · Tinsmith
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- sheet metal workerESCO 7213.4Same scope
Sheet metal workers in construction use sheet metal to construct roofs, ducts for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning, gutters and other metal structures. They read plans and determine the type and amount of materials to be used, then measure, bend, cut, shape, and attach pieces of sheet metal to create the required structure.
- boilermakerESCO 7213.1Overlapping, not the same
Boilermakers operate a variety of equipment and machinery to create, repipe and retube hot water and steam boilers, producing them in all steps of the production process. They cut, gouge and shape the metal sheets and tubes for the boilers to size, using oxy-acetylene gas torches, assemble them by shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding or gas tungsten arc welding, and finish them by the approprate machine tools, power tools and coating.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| H2902 | Chaudronnier / Chaudronnière | Overlapping, not the sameprovisional |
| F1619 | Couvreur / Couvreuse | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| F1620 | Installateur / Installatrice chauffage et climatisation | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 7313 | Chapistas y caldereros | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 34202 | Berufe in der Klempnerei (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Same scope |
| 34203 | Berufe in der Klempnerei (ohne Spezialisierung) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 526 | 板金従事者 | This occupation is narrower |
| 666 | 配管従事者 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources