First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 49-1011.00
Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of mechanics, installers, and repairers. May also advise customers on recommended services. Excludes team or work leaders.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.102
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.13–0.25· 11 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 7127Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Mechanics0.21
- ISCO-08 7231Motor Vehicle Mechanics and Repairers0.18
- ISCO-08 7232Aircraft Engine Mechanics and Repairers0.19
- ISCO-08 7233Agricultural and Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Repairers0.17
- ISCO-08 7234Bicycle and Related Repairers0.13
- ISCO-08 7311Precision-instrument Makers and Repairers0.21
- ISCO-08 7312Musical Instrument Makers and Tuners0.14
- ISCO-08 7412Electrical Mechanics and Fitters0.17
- ISCO-08 7413Electrical Line Installers and Repairers0.15
- ISCO-08 7421Electronics Mechanics and Servicers0.25
- ISCO-08 7422Information and Communications Technology Installers and Servicers0.24
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only22 rated tasks · 18 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (81.8%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Develop or implement electronic maintenance programs or computer information management systems.49-1011.00 | 0.007447.1 | 0.024590.5 |
Examine objects, systems, or facilities and analyze information to determine needed installations, services, or repairs.49-1011.00 | 0.004629.3 | 0.00269.5 |
Determine schedules, sequences, and assignments for work activities, based on work priority, quantity of equipment, and skill of personnel.49-1011.00 | 0.001912.1 | —0 |
Counsel employees about work-related issues and assist employees to correct job-skill deficiencies.49-1011.00 | 0.001811.5 | —0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 18 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Monitor employees' work levels and review work performance. | —0 | —0 |
Participate in budget preparation and administration, coordinating purchasing and documentation and monitoring departmental expenditures. | —0 | —0 |
Requisition materials and supplies, such as tools, equipment, or replacement parts. | —0 | —0 |
Compute estimates and actual costs of factors such as materials, labor, or outside contractors. | —0 | —0 |
Interpret specifications, blueprints, or job orders to construct templates and lay out reference points for workers. | —0 | —0 |
Conduct or arrange for worker training in safety, repair, or maintenance techniques, operational procedures, or equipment use. | —0 | —0 |
Investigate accidents or injuries and prepare reports of findings. | —0 | —0 |
Confer with personnel, such as management, engineering, quality control, customer, or union workers' representatives, to coordinate work activities, resolve employee grievances, or identify and review resource needs. | —0 | —0 |
Recommend or initiate personnel actions, such as hires, promotions, transfers, discharges, or disciplinary measures. | —0 | —0 |
Perform skilled repair or maintenance operations, using equipment such as hand or power tools, hydraulic presses or shears, or welding equipment. | —0 | —0 |
Compile operational or personnel records, such as time and production records, inventory data, repair or maintenance statistics, or test results. | —0 | —0 |
Develop, implement, or evaluate maintenance policies and procedures. | —0 | —0 |
Inspect, test, and measure completed work, using devices such as hand tools or gauges to verify conformance to standards or repair requirements. | —0 | —0 |
Meet with vendors or suppliers to discuss products used in repair work. | —0 | —0 |
Monitor tool and part inventories and the condition and maintenance of shops to ensure adequate working conditions. | —0 | —0 |
Inspect and monitor work areas, examine tools and equipment, and provide employee safety training to prevent, detect, and correct unsafe conditions or violations of procedures and safety rules. | —0 | —0 |
Review, evaluate, accept, and coordinate completion of work bid from contractors. | —0 | —0 |
Design equipment configurations to meet personnel needs. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Develop or implement electronic maintenance programs or computer information management systems.O*NET Task ID 2931 | 1.0 |
Determine schedules, sequences, and assignments for work activities, based on work priority, quantity of equipment, and skill of personnel.O*NET Task ID 2912 | 0.5 |
Monitor employees' work levels and review work performance.O*NET Task ID 2914 | 0.5 |
Examine objects, systems, or facilities and analyze information to determine needed installations, services, or repairs.O*NET Task ID 2915 | 0.5 |
Participate in budget preparation and administration, coordinating purchasing and documentation and monitoring departmental expenditures.O*NET Task ID 2916 | 0.5 |
Counsel employees about work-related issues and assist employees to correct job-skill deficiencies.O*NET Task ID 2917 | 0.5 |
Requisition materials and supplies, such as tools, equipment, or replacement parts.O*NET Task ID 2918 | 0.5 |
Compute estimates and actual costs of factors such as materials, labor, or outside contractors.O*NET Task ID 2919 | 0.5 |
Interpret specifications, blueprints, or job orders to construct templates and lay out reference points for workers.O*NET Task ID 2920 | 0.5 |
Conduct or arrange for worker training in safety, repair, or maintenance techniques, operational procedures, or equipment use.O*NET Task ID 2921 | 0.5 |
Investigate accidents or injuries and prepare reports of findings.O*NET Task ID 2922 | 0.5 |
Recommend or initiate personnel actions, such as hires, promotions, transfers, discharges, or disciplinary measures.O*NET Task ID 2924 | 0.5 |
Compile operational or personnel records, such as time and production records, inventory data, repair or maintenance statistics, or test results.O*NET Task ID 2926 | 0.5 |
Develop, implement, or evaluate maintenance policies and procedures.O*NET Task ID 2927 | 0.5 |
Meet with vendors or suppliers to discuss products used in repair work.O*NET Task ID 2930 | 0.5 |
Design equipment configurations to meet personnel needs.O*NET Task ID 2932 | 0.5 |
Monitor tool and part inventories and the condition and maintenance of shops to ensure adequate working conditions.O*NET Task ID 15262 | 0.5 |
Review, evaluate, accept, and coordinate completion of work bid from contractors.O*NET Task ID 15264 | 0.5 |
Confer with personnel, such as management, engineering, quality control, customer, or union workers' representatives, to coordinate work activities, resolve employee grievances, or identify and review resource needs.O*NET Task ID 2923 | 0.0 |
Perform skilled repair or maintenance operations, using equipment such as hand or power tools, hydraulic presses or shears, or welding equipment.O*NET Task ID 2925 | 0.0 |
Inspect, test, and measure completed work, using devices such as hand tools or gauges to verify conformance to standards or repair requirements.O*NET Task ID 2929 | 0.0 |
Inspect and monitor work areas, examine tools and equipment, and provide employee safety training to prevent, detect, and correct unsafe conditions or violations of procedures and safety rules.O*NET Task ID 15263 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (22)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Determine schedules, sequences, and assignments for work activities, based on work priority, quantity of equipment, and skill of personnel. | Core |
| Monitor employees' work levels and review work performance. | Core |
| Examine objects, systems, or facilities and analyze information to determine needed installations, services, or repairs. | Core |
| Counsel employees about work-related issues and assist employees to correct job-skill deficiencies. | Core |
| Requisition materials and supplies, such as tools, equipment, or replacement parts. | Core |
| Compute estimates and actual costs of factors such as materials, labor, or outside contractors. | Core |
| Interpret specifications, blueprints, or job orders to construct templates and lay out reference points for workers. | Core |
| Conduct or arrange for worker training in safety, repair, or maintenance techniques, operational procedures, or equipment use. | Core |
| Investigate accidents or injuries and prepare reports of findings. | Core |
| Confer with personnel, such as management, engineering, quality control, customer, or union workers' representatives, to coordinate work activities, resolve employee grievances, or identify and review resource needs. | Core |
| Recommend or initiate personnel actions, such as hires, promotions, transfers, discharges, or disciplinary measures. | Core |
| Perform skilled repair or maintenance operations, using equipment such as hand or power tools, hydraulic presses or shears, or welding equipment. | Core |
| Develop, implement, or evaluate maintenance policies and procedures. | Core |
| Inspect, test, and measure completed work, using devices such as hand tools or gauges to verify conformance to standards or repair requirements. | Core |
| Meet with vendors or suppliers to discuss products used in repair work. | Core |
| Monitor tool and part inventories and the condition and maintenance of shops to ensure adequate working conditions. | Core |
| Inspect and monitor work areas, examine tools and equipment, and provide employee safety training to prevent, detect, and correct unsafe conditions or violations of procedures and safety rules. | Core |
| Participate in budget preparation and administration, coordinating purchasing and documentation and monitoring departmental expenditures. | Supplemental |
| Compile operational or personnel records, such as time and production records, inventory data, repair or maintenance statistics, or test results. | Supplemental |
| Develop or implement electronic maintenance programs or computer information management systems. | Supplemental |
| Design equipment configurations to meet personnel needs. | Supplemental |
| Review, evaluate, accept, and coordinate completion of work bid from contractors. | Supplemental |
0.21/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Examine objects, systems, or facilities and analyze information to determine needed installations, services, or repairs. | E0 none |
| Interpret specifications, blueprints, or job orders to construct templates and lay out reference points for workers. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Perform skilled repair or maintenance operations, using equipment such as hand or power tools, hydraulic presses or shears, or welding equipment. | E0 none |
| Inspect, test, and measure completed work, using devices such as hand tools or gauges to verify conformance to standards or repair requirements. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Monitor tool and part inventories and the condition and maintenance of shops to ensure adequate working conditions. | E2 structured facilities |
| Inspect and monitor work areas, examine tools and equipment, and provide employee safety training to prevent, detect, and correct unsafe conditions or violations of procedures and safety rules. | E0 none |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 629K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 655K
- Change (2025–35)
- +4.1%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $79,860
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 14902 | 수리 및 정비 관련 관리자 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 7127Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Mechanics
- ISCO-08 7231Motor Vehicle Mechanics and Repairers
- ISCO-08 7232Aircraft Engine Mechanics and Repairers
- ISCO-08 7233Agricultural and Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Repairers
- ISCO-08 7234Bicycle and Related Repairers
- ISCO-08 7311Precision-instrument Makers and Repairers
- ISCO-08 7312Musical Instrument Makers and Tuners
- ISCO-08 7412Electrical Mechanics and Fitters
- ISCO-08 7413Electrical Line Installers and Repairers
- ISCO-08 7421Electronics Mechanics and Servicers
- ISCO-08 7422Information and Communications Technology Installers and Servicers
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- garage managerESCO 1439.3This occupation is broader
Garage managers oversee the work of road vehicle mechanics and administrative personnel. They organise the daily work and deal with clients.
- industrial maintenance supervisorESCO 3115.1.6This occupation is broader
Industrial maintenance supervisors organise and supervise the activities and maintenance operations of machines, systems and equipment. They ensure inspections are done according to health, safety and environmental standards, and productivity and quality requirements.
- precision mechanics supervisorESCO 3122.4.15This occupation is broader
Precision mechanics supervisors oversee, train and manage workers who fit together complex parts of small-size machines such as measuring or control mechanisms.
- vehicle maintenance supervisorESCO 7231.9This occupation is broader
Vehicle maintenance supervisors assume responsibility for the day-to-day operation of a service station.
- water conservation technician supervisorESCO 3123.1.26This occupation is broader
Water conservation technician supervisors supervise the installation of systems to recover, filter, store and distribute water from different sources such as rainwater and domestic greywater. They assign tasks and take quick decisions.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| I1102 | Ingénieur / Ingénieure de maintenance industrielle | This occupation is broader |
| I1111 | Responsable technique après-vente des véhicules | This occupation is broader |
| I1113 | Chef / Cheffe d'équipe atelier en démontage recyclage de VHU (Véhicules hors d'usage) | This occupation is broader |
| I1410 | Responsable Service Après-Vente -SAV- en électroménager | This occupation is broader |
| I1103 | Chef / Cheffe d'atelier après-vente des véhicules (auto, moto, VTR) | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| I1105 | Responsable de maintenance et d'exploitation | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| I1107 | Responsable d'atelier de mécanique parcs et jardins | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| I1108 | Chef / Cheffe d'atelier engins de chantier | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| I1110 | Chef / Cheffe d'atelier machines agricoles | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| I1112 | Chef / Cheffe d'atelier engins de levage et de manutention | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| I1117 | Chef / Cheffe d'atelier après-vente cycles | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| I1118 | Responsable de site SMAVA (service multimarques de l'après-vente automobile) | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| I1206 | Chef / Cheffe d'équipe en mobilier urbain et publicitaire | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| I1326 | Responsable d'équipe maintenance | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| I1332 | Chef / Cheffe d'atelier de maintenance industrielle | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| M1862 | Responsable d'exploitation fibre optique | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| I1106 | Responsable de maintenance réseaux des territoires connectés | Related, not a match |
| I1115 | Responsable de site(s) de vente et de réparation cycles | Related, not a match |
| I1121 | Ingénieur de maintenance / Ingénieure de maintenance | Related, not a match |
| I1610 | Responsable atelier carrosserie | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 3209 | Supervisores de otras industrias manufactureras | Related, not a match |
| 7403 | Mecánicos y ajustadores de maquinaria agrícola e industrial | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 25193 | Aufsichtskräfte - Maschinenbau- und Betriebstechnik | This occupation is broader |
| 34293 | Aufsichtskräfte - Klempnerei, Sanitär-, Heizungs- und Klimatechnik | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 93693 | Aufsichtskräfte - Musikinstrumentenbau | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 25293 | Aufsichtskräfte - Fahrzeug-, Luft-, Raumfahrt- und Schiffbautechnik | Overlapping, not the same |
| 26393 | Aufsichtskräfte - Elektrotechnik | Overlapping, not the same |
| 24593 | Aufsichtskräfte - Feinwerk- und Werkzeugtechnik | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 25194 | Führungskräfte - Maschinenbau- und Betriebstechnik | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 51193 | Aufsichtskräfte - Technischer Betrieb im Eisenbahn-, Luft- und Schiffsverkehr | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 551 | はん用・生産用・業務用機械器具整備・修理従事者 | Related, not a match |
| 552 | 電気機械器具整備・修理従事者 | Related, not a match |
| 553 | 自動車整備・修理従事者 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources