Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 49-2095.00
Inspect, test, repair, or maintain electrical equipment in generating stations, substations, and in-service relays.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.17–0.25· 2 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 7412Electrical Mechanics and Fitters0.17
- ISCO-08 7421Electronics Mechanics and Servicers0.25
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only16 rated tasks · 6 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (37.5%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 1 rated task is not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; its score is kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Construct, test, maintain, and repair substation relay and control systems.49-2095.00 | 0.007372.4 |
Consult manuals, schematics, wiring diagrams, and engineering personnel to troubleshoot and solve equipment problems and to determine optimum equipment functioning.49-2095.00 | 0.002827.6 |
| Not observed on any surface — 14 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | |
Inspect and test equipment and circuits to identify malfunctions or defects, using wiring diagrams and testing devices such as ohmmeters, voltmeters, or ammeters. | —0 |
Notify facility personnel of equipment shutdowns. | —0 |
Open and close switches to isolate defective relays, performing adjustments or repairs. | —0 |
Prepare and maintain records detailing tests, repairs, and maintenance. | —0 |
Analyze test data to diagnose malfunctions, to determine performance characteristics of systems, or to evaluate effects of system modifications. | —0 |
Test insulators and bushings of equipment by inducing voltage across insulation, testing current, and calculating insulation loss. | —0 |
Repair, replace, and clean equipment and components such as circuit breakers, brushes, and commutators. | —0 |
Disconnect voltage regulators, bolts, and screws, and connect replacement regulators to high-voltage lines. | —0 |
Schedule and supervise the construction and testing of special devices and the implementation of unique monitoring or control systems. | —0 |
Run signal quality and connectivity tests for individual cables, and record results. | —0 |
Schedule and supervise splicing or termination of cables in color-code order. | —0 |
Test oil in circuit breakers and transformers for dielectric strength, refilling oil periodically. | —0 |
Maintain inventories of spare parts for all equipment, requisitioning parts as necessary. | —0 |
Set forms and pour concrete footings for installation of heavy equipment. | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Consult manuals, schematics, wiring diagrams, and engineering personnel to troubleshoot and solve equipment problems and to determine optimum equipment functioning.O*NET Task ID 11744 | 1.0 |
Prepare and maintain records detailing tests, repairs, and maintenance.O*NET Task ID 11747 | 1.0 |
Run signal quality and connectivity tests for individual cables, and record results.O*NET Task ID 11753 | 1.0 |
Analyze test data to diagnose malfunctions, to determine performance characteristics of systems, or to evaluate effects of system modifications.O*NET Task ID 11748 | 0.5 |
Schedule and supervise the construction and testing of special devices and the implementation of unique monitoring or control systems.O*NET Task ID 11752 | 0.5 |
Maintain inventories of spare parts for all equipment, requisitioning parts as necessary.O*NET Task ID 11756 | 0.5 |
Construct, test, maintain, and repair substation relay and control systems.O*NET Task ID 11742 | 0.0 |
Inspect and test equipment and circuits to identify malfunctions or defects, using wiring diagrams and testing devices such as ohmmeters, voltmeters, or ammeters.O*NET Task ID 11743 | 0.0 |
Notify facility personnel of equipment shutdowns.O*NET Task ID 11745 | 0.0 |
Open and close switches to isolate defective relays, performing adjustments or repairs.O*NET Task ID 11746 | 0.0 |
Test insulators and bushings of equipment by inducing voltage across insulation, testing current, and calculating insulation loss.O*NET Task ID 11749 | 0.0 |
Repair, replace, and clean equipment and components such as circuit breakers, brushes, and commutators.O*NET Task ID 11750 | 0.0 |
Disconnect voltage regulators, bolts, and screws, and connect replacement regulators to high-voltage lines.O*NET Task ID 11751 | 0.0 |
Schedule and supervise splicing or termination of cables in color-code order.O*NET Task ID 11754 | 0.0 |
Test oil in circuit breakers and transformers for dielectric strength, refilling oil periodically.O*NET Task ID 11755 | 0.0 |
Set forms and pour concrete footings for installation of heavy equipment.O*NET Task ID 11757 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (15)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Inspect and test equipment and circuits to identify malfunctions or defects, using wiring diagrams and testing devices such as ohmmeters, voltmeters, or ammeters. | Core |
| Consult manuals, schematics, wiring diagrams, and engineering personnel to troubleshoot and solve equipment problems and to determine optimum equipment functioning. | Core |
| Notify facility personnel of equipment shutdowns. | Core |
| Open and close switches to isolate defective relays, performing adjustments or repairs. | Core |
| Prepare and maintain records detailing tests, repairs, and maintenance. | Core |
| Analyze test data to diagnose malfunctions, to determine performance characteristics of systems, or to evaluate effects of system modifications. | Core |
| Repair, replace, and clean equipment and components such as circuit breakers, brushes, and commutators. | Core |
| Run signal quality and connectivity tests for individual cables, and record results. | Core |
| Maintain inventories of spare parts for all equipment, requisitioning parts as necessary. | Core |
| Construct, test, maintain, and repair substation relay and control systems. | Supplemental |
| Test insulators and bushings of equipment by inducing voltage across insulation, testing current, and calculating insulation loss. | Supplemental |
| Disconnect voltage regulators, bolts, and screws, and connect replacement regulators to high-voltage lines. | Supplemental |
| Schedule and supervise the construction and testing of special devices and the implementation of unique monitoring or control systems. | Supplemental |
| Schedule and supervise splicing or termination of cables in color-code order. | Supplemental |
| Test oil in circuit breakers and transformers for dielectric strength, refilling oil periodically. | Supplemental |
0.40/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Inspect and test equipment and circuits to identify malfunctions or defects, using wiring diagrams and testing devices such as ohmmeters, voltmeters, or ammeters. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Open and close switches to isolate defective relays, performing adjustments or repairs. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Repair, replace, and clean equipment and components such as circuit breakers, brushes, and commutators. | E0 none |
| Run signal quality and connectivity tests for individual cables, and record results. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Maintain inventories of spare parts for all equipment, requisitioning parts as necessary. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Construct, test, maintain, and repair substation relay and control systems. | E0 none |
| Test insulators and bushings of equipment by inducing voltage across insulation, testing current, and calculating insulation loss. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Disconnect voltage regulators, bolts, and screws, and connect replacement regulators to high-voltage lines. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Test oil in circuit breakers and transformers for dielectric strength, refilling oil periodically. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 21K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 23K
- Change (2025–35)
- +9.7%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $103,020
- Typical education needed for entry
- Postsecondary nondegree award
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 76225 | 전기기기 설치 및 정비원 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 7412Electrical Mechanics and Fitters
- ISCO-08 7421Electronics Mechanics and Servicers
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- electricianESCO 7411.1This occupation is narrower
Electricians fit and repair electrical circuits and wiring systems. They also install and maintain electrical equipment and machinery. This work can be performed indoors as well as outdoors, in nearly every type of facility.
- building electricianESCO 7411.1.1This occupation is broader
Building electricians install and maintain electricity cables and other electrical infrastructure in buildings. They make sure installed electrical equipment is isolated and presents no fire hazards. They understand existing situations and make improvements if called for.
- electrical power distributorESCO 3131.1.1This occupation is broader
Electrical power distributors operate and maintain equipment which deliver the energy from the transmission system to the consumer. They supervise power line maintenance and repairs, and ensure the distribution needs are met. They also react to faults in the distribution system which cause problems such as outages.
- industrial electricianESCO 7411.1.1.2This occupation is broader
Industrial electricians install and maintain electricity cables and other electrical infrastructure in large industrial and commercial buildings. They perform inspections and repair defective parts of electrical systems to ensure efficiency.
- overhead line workerESCO 7413.1.2This occupation is broader
Overhead line workers construct and maintain power supply and control cables in overhead power lines. They also make and repair electrical cables connecting customers to the electricity network.
- street lighting electricianESCO 7413.1.3This occupation is broader
Street lighting electricians construct and maintain electric power transmission and distribution in street lights. They maintain, test and repair street lights in compliance with safety regulations.
- electrical transmission system operatorESCO 3131.1.2Overlapping, not the same
Electrical transmission system operators transport energy in the form of electrical power. They transmit electrical power from generation plants over an interconnected network, an electrical grid, to electricity distribution stations.
- electricity distribution workerESCO 7413.1Overlapping, not the same
Electricity distribution workers construct and maintain electric power transmission and distribution systems. They maintain and repair powerlines, compliant with safety regulations.
- power plant control room operatorESCO 3131.1.7Overlapping, not the same
Power plant control room operators are responsible for the safe and proper operation of power plants, switchyards and associated control structures. They repair and maintain the involved machinery and equipment to ensure the plant's efficient operation and to tackle emergency situations such as blackouts.
- power production plant operatorESCO 3131.1Overlapping, not the same
Power production plant operators maintain and operate the equipment in power stations and other energy production plants. They repair faults, operate machinery directly or from a control room, and handle materials related to electricity production in compliance with safety and environmental procedures. They facilitate interaction between electrical energy facilities, ensuring that distribution occurs safely.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| I1309 | Electricien / Electricienne de maintenance | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| F1605 | Monteur / Monteuse de réseaux électriques | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| I1318 | Instrumentiste Industriel / Industrielle | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 7521 | Mecánicos y reparadores de equipos eléctricos | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 3123 | Técnicos en electricidad | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 26252 | Berufe in der elektrischen Betriebstechnik - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
| 26232 | Berufe in der Energie- und Kraftwerkstechnik - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 26253 | Berufe in der elektrischen Betriebstechnik - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 641 | 発電員，変電員 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 552 | 電気機械器具整備・修理従事者 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources