Home Appliance Repairers
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 49-9031.00
Repair, adjust, or install all types of electric or gas household appliances, such as refrigerators, washers, dryers, and ovens.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.17
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only31 rated tasks · 6 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (19.4%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 2 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Record maintenance and repair work performed on appliances.O*NET Task ID 13795 | 1.0 |
Instruct customers regarding operation and care of appliances, and provide information such as emergency service numbers.O*NET Task ID 13802 | 1.0 |
Bill customers for repair work, and collect payment.O*NET Task ID 13789 | 0.5 |
Talk to customers or refer to work orders to establish the nature of appliance malfunctions.O*NET Task ID 13793 | 0.5 |
Provide repair cost estimates, and recommend whether appliance repair or replacement is a better choice.O*NET Task ID 13796 | 0.5 |
Refer to schematic drawings, product manuals, and troubleshooting guides to diagnose and repair problems.O*NET Task ID 13801 | 0.5 |
Disassemble appliances so that problems can be diagnosed and repairs can be made.O*NET Task ID 13788 | 0.0 |
Trace electrical circuits, following diagrams, and conduct tests with circuit testers and other equipment to locate shorts and grounds.O*NET Task ID 13790 | 0.0 |
Service and repair domestic electrical or gas appliances, such as clothes washers, refrigerators, stoves, and dryers.O*NET Task ID 13791 | 0.0 |
Replace worn and defective parts such as switches, bearings, transmissions, belts, gears, circuit boards, or defective wiring.O*NET Task ID 13792 | 0.0 |
Reassemble units after repairs are made, making adjustments and cleaning and lubricating parts as needed.O*NET Task ID 13794 | 0.0 |
Maintain stocks of parts used in on-site installation, maintenance, and repair of appliances.O*NET Task ID 13797 | 0.0 |
Clean and reinstall parts.O*NET Task ID 13798 | 0.0 |
Observe and examine appliances during operation to detect specific malfunctions such as loose parts or leaking fluid.O*NET Task ID 13799 | 0.0 |
Observe and test operation of appliances following installation, and make any initial installation adjustments that are necessary.O*NET Task ID 13800 | 0.0 |
Assemble new or reconditioned appliances.O*NET Task ID 13803 | 0.0 |
Clean, lubricate, and touch up minor defects on newly installed or repaired appliances.O*NET Task ID 13804 | 0.0 |
Conserve, recover, and recycle refrigerants used in cooling systems.O*NET Task ID 13805 | 0.0 |
Level refrigerators, adjust doors, and connect water lines to water pipes for ice makers and water dispensers, using hand tools.O*NET Task ID 13806 | 0.0 |
Set appliance thermostats, and check to ensure that they are functioning properly.O*NET Task ID 13807 | 0.0 |
Level washing machines and connect hoses to water pipes, using hand tools.O*NET Task ID 13808 | 0.0 |
Install gas pipes and water lines to connect appliances to existing gas lines or plumbing.O*NET Task ID 13809 | 0.0 |
Respond to emergency calls for problems such as gas leaks.O*NET Task ID 13810 | 0.0 |
Install appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines, and stoves.O*NET Task ID 13811 | 0.0 |
Contact supervisors or offices to receive repair assignments.O*NET Task ID 13812 | 0.0 |
Light and adjust pilot lights on gas stoves, and examine valves and burners for gas leakage and specified flame.O*NET Task ID 13813 | 0.0 |
Test and examine gas pipelines and equipment to locate leaks and faulty connections, and to determine the pressure and flow of gas.O*NET Task ID 13814 | 0.0 |
Measure, cut, and thread pipe, and connect it to feeder lines and equipment or appliances, using rules and hand tools.O*NET Task ID 13815 | 0.0 |
Take measurements to determine if appliances will fit in installation locations, performing minor carpentry work when necessary to ensure proper installation.O*NET Task ID 13816 | 0.0 |
Hang steel supports from beams or joists to hold hoses, vents, and gas pipes in place.O*NET Task ID 13817 | 0.0 |
Disassemble and reinstall existing kitchen cabinets, or assemble and install prefabricated kitchen cabinets and trim in conjunction with appliance installation.O*NET Task ID 13818 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (29)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Disassemble appliances so that problems can be diagnosed and repairs can be made. | Core |
| Bill customers for repair work, and collect payment. | Core |
| Trace electrical circuits, following diagrams, and conduct tests with circuit testers and other equipment to locate shorts and grounds. | Core |
| Service and repair domestic electrical or gas appliances, such as clothes washers, refrigerators, stoves, and dryers. | Core |
| Replace worn and defective parts such as switches, bearings, transmissions, belts, gears, circuit boards, or defective wiring. | Core |
| Talk to customers or refer to work orders to establish the nature of appliance malfunctions. | Core |
| Reassemble units after repairs are made, making adjustments and cleaning and lubricating parts as needed. | Core |
| Record maintenance and repair work performed on appliances. | Core |
| Provide repair cost estimates, and recommend whether appliance repair or replacement is a better choice. | Core |
| Maintain stocks of parts used in on-site installation, maintenance, and repair of appliances. | Core |
| Clean and reinstall parts. | Core |
| Observe and examine appliances during operation to detect specific malfunctions such as loose parts or leaking fluid. | Core |
| Observe and test operation of appliances following installation, and make any initial installation adjustments that are necessary. | Core |
| Refer to schematic drawings, product manuals, and troubleshooting guides to diagnose and repair problems. | Core |
| Instruct customers regarding operation and care of appliances, and provide information such as emergency service numbers. | Core |
| Clean, lubricate, and touch up minor defects on newly installed or repaired appliances. | Core |
| Level refrigerators, adjust doors, and connect water lines to water pipes for ice makers and water dispensers, using hand tools. | Core |
| Set appliance thermostats, and check to ensure that they are functioning properly. | Core |
| Level washing machines and connect hoses to water pipes, using hand tools. | Core |
| Respond to emergency calls for problems such as gas leaks. | Core |
| Install appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines, and stoves. | Core |
| Contact supervisors or offices to receive repair assignments. | Core |
| Light and adjust pilot lights on gas stoves, and examine valves and burners for gas leakage and specified flame. | Core |
| Test and examine gas pipelines and equipment to locate leaks and faulty connections, and to determine the pressure and flow of gas. | Core |
| Assemble new or reconditioned appliances. | Supplemental |
| Conserve, recover, and recycle refrigerants used in cooling systems. | Supplemental |
| Install gas pipes and water lines to connect appliances to existing gas lines or plumbing. | Supplemental |
| Measure, cut, and thread pipe, and connect it to feeder lines and equipment or appliances, using rules and hand tools. | Supplemental |
| Take measurements to determine if appliances will fit in installation locations, performing minor carpentry work when necessary to ensure proper installation. | Supplemental |
0.44/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Disassemble appliances so that problems can be diagnosed and repairs can be made. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Trace electrical circuits, following diagrams, and conduct tests with circuit testers and other equipment to locate shorts and grounds. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Service and repair domestic electrical or gas appliances, such as clothes washers, refrigerators, stoves, and dryers. | E0 none |
| Replace worn and defective parts such as switches, bearings, transmissions, belts, gears, circuit boards, or defective wiring. | E0 none |
| Reassemble units after repairs are made, making adjustments and cleaning and lubricating parts as needed. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Maintain stocks of parts used in on-site installation, maintenance, and repair of appliances. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Clean and reinstall parts. | E0 none |
| Observe and examine appliances during operation to detect specific malfunctions such as loose parts or leaking fluid. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Observe and test operation of appliances following installation, and make any initial installation adjustments that are necessary. | E0 none |
| Refer to schematic drawings, product manuals, and troubleshooting guides to diagnose and repair problems. | E0 none |
| Clean, lubricate, and touch up minor defects on newly installed or repaired appliances. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Level refrigerators, adjust doors, and connect water lines to water pipes for ice makers and water dispensers, using hand tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Set appliance thermostats, and check to ensure that they are functioning properly. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Level washing machines and connect hoses to water pipes, using hand tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Respond to emergency calls for problems such as gas leaks. | E0 none |
| Install appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines, and stoves. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Light and adjust pilot lights on gas stoves, and examine valves and burners for gas leakage and specified flame. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Test and examine gas pipelines and equipment to locate leaks and faulty connections, and to determine the pressure and flow of gas. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Assemble new or reconditioned appliances. | E0 none |
| Conserve, recover, and recycle refrigerants used in cooling systems. | E0 none |
| Install gas pipes and water lines to connect appliances to existing gas lines or plumbing. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Measure, cut, and thread pipe, and connect it to feeder lines and equipment or appliances, using rules and hand tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Take measurements to determine if appliances will fit in installation locations, performing minor carpentry work when necessary to ensure proper installation. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 41K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 41K
- Change (2025–35)
- +1.9%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $50,990
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 76120 | 가전제품 설치 및 수리원 | Same scope | confirmed |
| 99940 | 대여 제품 방문 점검원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 7412Electrical Mechanics and Fitters
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Electrical mechanics and fitters fit, adjust, install and repair electrical machinery and other electrical apparatus and equipment in buildings, factories, motor vehicles, workshops, or other places.
Tasks
- (a) fitting, adjusting and repairing various kinds of electrical machinery and motors, generators, switchgear and control apparatus, instruments, or electrical parts of elevators and related equipment;
- (b) fitting, adjusting and repairing electrical parts in domestic appliances, industrial machines and other appliances;
- (c) inspecting and testing manufactured electrical products;
- (d) installing, testing, connecting, commissioning, maintaining and modifying electrical equipment, wiring and control systems;
- (e) designing, installing, maintaining, servicing and repairing electric and hydraulic passenger and freight lifts, escalators, moving walkways and other lift equipment;
- (f) connecting electrical systems to power supply;
- (g) replacing and repairing defective parts.
Example occupations
Armature builder · Automotive electrician · Electrical generator fitter · Electrical mechanic · Lift mechanic
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- household appliances repair technicianESCO 7412.5Same scope
Household appliances repair technicians use electrical equipment to test resistance or voltage and to identify appliances' malfunctions. They repair small and large electrical or gas home appliances such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines, dishwashers, air conditioners and refrigerators.
- consumer electronics repair technicianESCO 7421.3Overlapping, not the same
Consumer electronics repair technicians use electrical equipment to diagnose malfunctions and test functionality of consumer electronics such as TVs, video and audio systems and digital cameras. They read manufacturers' instructions and conduct the necessary repairs or replacements.
- kitchen unit installerESCO 7115.3Overlapping, not the same
Kitchen unit installers install kitchen elements in homes. They take the necessary measurements, prepare the room, removing old elements if necessary, and install the new kitchen equipment, including the connection of water, gas and sewage pipes and electricity lines.
- office equipment repair technicianESCO 7421.5Overlapping, not the same
Office equipment repair technicians provide services to businesses related to installing, maintaining and repairing new or existing equipment such as printers, scanners and modems, on the clients' premises. They keep records of performed services and return equipment to a repair centre if needed.
- power tool repair technicianESCO 7412.9Overlapping, not the same
Power tool repair technicians identify defects and repair electrically powered tools such as drills, chainsaws, lawn mowers and grinding machines. They disassemble, test and replace defective parts in tools. Power tools repair technicians advise customers on maintenance products and methods for their equipment. They may sell such products.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| I1402 | Technicien / Technicienne de maintenance en appareils électroménagers | This occupation is narrower |
| I1325 | Technicien-cuisiniste / Technicienne-cuisiniste en cuisines professionnelles | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| N4123 | Conducteur livreur installateur / Conductrice livreuse installatrice | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 7521 | Mecánicos y reparadores de equipos eléctricos | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 25132 | Technische Servicekräfte in Wartung und Instandhaltung - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
| 26302 | Berufe in der Elektrotechnik (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 552 | 電気機械器具整備・修理従事者 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources