Industrial Machinery Mechanics
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 49-9041.00
Repair, install, adjust, or maintain industrial production and processing machinery or refinery and pipeline distribution systems. May also install, dismantle, or move machinery and heavy equipment according to plans.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.024
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.17
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only16 rated tasks · 6 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (37.5%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Enter codes and instructions to program computer-controlled machinery.49-9041.00 | 0.016881.2 |
Analyze test results, machine error messages, or information obtained from operators to diagnose equipment problems.49-9041.00 | 0.003918.8 |
| Not observed on any surface — 13 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | |
Disassemble machinery or equipment to remove parts and make repairs. | —0 |
Repair or replace broken or malfunctioning components of machinery or equipment. | —0 |
Repair or maintain the operating condition of industrial production or processing machinery or equipment. | —0 |
Examine parts for defects, such as breakage or excessive wear. | —0 |
Reassemble equipment after completion of inspections, testing, or repairs. | —0 |
Observe and test the operation of machinery or equipment to diagnose malfunctions, using voltmeters or other testing devices. | —0 |
Operate newly repaired machinery or equipment to verify the adequacy of repairs. | —0 |
Clean, lubricate, or adjust parts, equipment, or machinery. | —0 |
Record repairs and maintenance performed. | —0 |
Study blueprints or manufacturers' manuals to determine correct installation or operation of machinery. | —0 |
Record parts or materials used and order or requisition new parts or materials as necessary. | —0 |
Cut and weld metal to repair broken metal parts, fabricate new parts, or assemble new equipment. | —0 |
Demonstrate equipment functions and features to machine operators. | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Record repairs and maintenance performed.O*NET Task ID 11822 | 1.0 |
Record parts or materials used and order or requisition new parts or materials, as necessary.O*NET Task ID 11824 | 1.0 |
Enter codes and instructions to program computer-controlled machinery.O*NET Task ID 11827 | 1.0 |
Analyze test results, machine error messages, or information obtained from operators to diagnose equipment problems.O*NET Task ID 11821 | 0.5 |
Study blueprints or manufacturers' manuals to determine correct installation or operation of machinery.O*NET Task ID 11823 | 0.5 |
Assign schedules to work crews.O*NET Task ID 23935 | 0.5 |
Disassemble machinery or equipment to remove parts and make repairs.O*NET Task ID 11813 | 0.0 |
Repair or replace broken or malfunctioning components of machinery or equipment.O*NET Task ID 11814 | 0.0 |
Repair or maintain the operating condition of industrial production or processing machinery or equipment.O*NET Task ID 11815 | 0.0 |
Examine parts for defects, such as breakage or excessive wear.O*NET Task ID 11816 | 0.0 |
Reassemble equipment after completion of inspections, testing, or repairs.O*NET Task ID 11817 | 0.0 |
Observe and test the operation of machinery or equipment to diagnose malfunctions, using voltmeters or other testing devices.O*NET Task ID 11818 | 0.0 |
Operate newly repaired machinery or equipment to verify the adequacy of repairs.O*NET Task ID 11819 | 0.0 |
Clean, lubricate, or adjust parts, equipment, or machinery.O*NET Task ID 11820 | 0.0 |
Cut and weld metal to repair broken metal parts, fabricate new parts, or assemble new equipment.O*NET Task ID 11825 | 0.0 |
Demonstrate equipment functions and features to machine operators.O*NET Task ID 11826 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (16)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Disassemble machinery or equipment to remove parts and make repairs. | Core |
| Repair or replace broken or malfunctioning components of machinery or equipment. | Core |
| Repair or maintain the operating condition of industrial production or processing machinery or equipment. | Core |
| Examine parts for defects, such as breakage or excessive wear. | Core |
| Reassemble equipment after completion of inspections, testing, or repairs. | Core |
| Observe and test the operation of machinery or equipment to diagnose malfunctions, using voltmeters or other testing devices. | Core |
| Operate newly repaired machinery or equipment to verify the adequacy of repairs. | Core |
| Clean, lubricate, or adjust parts, equipment, or machinery. | Core |
| Analyze test results, machine error messages, or information obtained from operators to diagnose equipment problems. | Core |
| Record repairs and maintenance performed. | Core |
| Study blueprints or manufacturers' manuals to determine correct installation or operation of machinery. | Core |
| Record parts or materials used and order or requisition new parts or materials, as necessary. | Core |
| Cut and weld metal to repair broken metal parts, fabricate new parts, or assemble new equipment. | Core |
| Demonstrate equipment functions and features to machine operators. | Core |
| Enter codes and instructions to program computer-controlled machinery. | Core |
| Assign schedules to work crews. | Supplemental |
0.27/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Disassemble machinery or equipment to remove parts and make repairs. | E0 none |
| Repair or replace broken or malfunctioning components of machinery or equipment. | E0 none |
| Repair or maintain the operating condition of industrial production or processing machinery or equipment. | E0 none |
| Examine parts for defects, such as breakage or excessive wear. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Reassemble equipment after completion of inspections, testing, or repairs. | E0 none |
| Observe and test the operation of machinery or equipment to diagnose malfunctions, using voltmeters or other testing devices. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Operate newly repaired machinery or equipment to verify the adequacy of repairs. | E0 none |
| Clean, lubricate, or adjust parts, equipment, or machinery. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Cut and weld metal to repair broken metal parts, fabricate new parts, or assemble new equipment. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 447K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 527K
- Change (2025–35)
- +17.8%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $64,520
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 75320 | 공업기계 설치 및 정비원 | Same scope | confirmed |
| 75342 | 호이스트 설치 및 정비원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 75349 | 그 외 물품 이동 장비 설치 및 정비원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 75310 | 로봇 설치 및 정비원 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
| 75341 | 크레인 설치 및 정비원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 7233Agricultural and Industrial Machinery Mechanics and Repairers
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Agricultural and industrial machinery mechanics and repairers fit, install, examine, service and repair engines, agricultural and industrial machinery and mechanical equipment, except motor vehicle, aircraft and electric motors.
Tasks
- (a) fitting, installing, examining, servicing and repairing engines, machinery and mechanical equipment;
- (b) oiling and greasing stationary engines and machinery;
- (c) inspecting and testing new machinery and mechanical equipment for conformity with standards and specifications;
- (d) disassembling machinery and equipment to remove parts and make repairs;
- (e) examining parts for defects such as breakage and excessive wear;
- (f) operating newly repaired machinery and equipment to verify the adequacy of repairs;
- (g) recording repairs and maintenance performed.
Example occupations
Construction machinery mechanic · Construction machinery repairer · Farm machinery repairer · Mining machinery fitter · Mining machinery repairer · Stationary engine fitter · Stationary engine repairer · Train engine fitter · Train engine repairer
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- industrial machinery mechanicESCO 7233.7Same scope
Industrial machinery mechanics work on new machinery and equipment in operation. They set up for the specific application and build accessories if necessary, perform maintenance and repair, and run diagnostics to find faults in systems or parts that need replacing.
- footwear maintenance technicianESCO 8156.2.2This occupation is broader
Footwear maintenance technicians are the professionals who install, program and tune different types of cutting, stitching, assembling and finishing equipment used in footwear production. They perform preventive and corrective maintenance, and verify periodically working conditions and performance. They analyse faults, correct problems, repair and substitute components or pieces, and do routine lubrications, providing information on their use and energetic consumption mainly to the decision makers inside the company.
- forge equipment technicianESCO 7233.5This occupation is broader
Forge equipment technicians maintain and repair forge machinery such as presses and material handling equipment. They perform evaluations of the equipment, perform preventative maintenance activities, and repair faults. They also assist in the installation of the equipment and ensure proper functionality.
- industrial machinery assemblerESCO 8211.2This occupation is broader
Industrial machinery assemblers manufacture industrial equipment such as industrial robots, assembly line machines, and labeling machines. They use hand tools and computer-controlled machines.
- leather goods maintenance technicianESCO 8156.3.1This occupation is broader
Leather goods maintenance technicians programme and tune different types of cutting, stitching, finishing and specific equipment related to leather goods manufacturing. They take care of the preventive and corrective maintenance of the various equipment by periodically verifying their working conditions and performance, analysing faults, correcting problems, repairing and substitutes components and performing routine lubrications. They provide information on the usage of equipment and its energetic consumption to decision makers inside the company.
- pneumatic systems technicianESCO 7233.12This occupation is broader
Pneumatic systems technicians use blueprints and technical documentation to assemble and install equipment operated by gas or air under pressure. They set up the systems according to engineering specifications and test them to ensure good functioning order. They may also perform maintenance and repair work on installed pneumatic equipment.
- rotating equipment mechanicESCO 7233.13This occupation is broader
Rotating equipment mechanics are responsible for preventive and corrective maintenance activities for rotating equipment such as turbines, compressors, engines, and pumps. They ensure the availability and integrity of the installed systems and equipment in terms of safety and reliability.
- textile machinery technicianESCO 7233.14This occupation is broader
Textile machinery technicians set up, maintain, inspect and repair mechanical and computer-controlled machinery used in textile manufacturing such as weaving, dyeing and finishing machines.
- water plant technicianESCO 3132.6This occupation is broader
Water plant technicians maintain and repair water treatment and supply equipment in a water plant. They ensure the provision of clean water by measuring the water quality, ensuring it is filtered and treated correctly, and maintaining distribution systems.
- construction equipment technicianESCO 7233.1Overlapping, not the same
Construction equipment technicians inspect, maintain and repair heavy-duty vehicles used in construction, forestry and earthworks such as bulldozers, excavators and harvesters. They perform evaluations of the equipment, and ensure the safety and optimal efficiency of the machinery.
- mechatronics assemblerESCO 8211.3Overlapping, not the same
Mechatronics assemblers assemble and maintain complex mechatronic equipment and machines, such as robots, elevators, and advanced home appliances. They build the mechanical, electrical, and electronic components, install software, set the systems in operation, and maintain and repair the components and systems.
- mining equipment mechanicESCO 7233.10Overlapping, not the same
Mining equipment mechanics install, remove, maintain and repair mining equipment.
+1 more
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| I1310 | Mécanicien / Mécanicienne de maintenance industrielle | This occupation is broader |
| I1313 | Hydraulicien industriel / Hydraulicienne industrielle | This occupation is broader |
| I1304 | Technicien / Technicienne de maintenance industrielle | Overlapping, not the same |
| H1108 | Technicien / Technicienne support client en industrie | Related, not a match |
| I1331 | Nivoculteur / Nivocultrice | Related, not a match |
| I1335 | Electromécanicien / Electromécanicienne d'équipements industriels | Related, not a match |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 7403 | Mecánicos y ajustadores de maquinaria agrícola e industrial | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 25102 | Berufe in der Maschinenbau- und Betriebstechnik (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 25132 | Technische Servicekräfte in Wartung und Instandhaltung - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 25182 | Berufe in der Maschinenbau- und Betriebstechnik (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 25134 | Technische Servicekräfte in Wartung und Instandhaltung - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 25183 | Berufe in der Maschinenbau- und Betriebstechnik (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 551 | はん用・生産用・業務用機械器具整備・修理従事者 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 541 | はん用・生産用・業務用機械器具組立従事者 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources