Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 49-9098.00
Help installation, maintenance, and repair workers in maintenance, parts replacement, and repair of vehicles, industrial machinery, and electrical and electronic equipment. Perform duties such as furnishing tools, materials, and supplies to other workers; cleaning work area, machines, and tools; and holding materials or tools for other workers.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.11
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only16 rated tasks · 1 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (6.3%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Examine and test machinery, equipment, components, and parts for defects to ensure proper functioning.49-9098.00 | 0.0016100.0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 15 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | |
Tend and observe equipment and machinery to verify efficient and safe operation. | —0 |
Adjust, connect, or disconnect wiring, piping, tubing, and other parts, using hand or power tools. | —0 |
Install or replace machinery, equipment, and new or replacement parts and instruments, using hand or power tools. | —0 |
Clean or lubricate vehicles, machinery, equipment, instruments, tools, work areas, and other objects, using hand tools, power tools, and cleaning equipment. | —0 |
Apply protective materials to equipment, components, and parts to prevent defects and corrosion. | —0 |
Transfer tools, parts, equipment, and supplies to and from work stations and other areas. | —0 |
Disassemble broken or defective equipment to facilitate repair and reassemble equipment when repairs are complete. | —0 |
Assemble and maintain physical structures, using hand or power tools. | —0 |
Position vehicles, machinery, equipment, physical structures, and other objects for assembly or installation, using hand tools, power tools, and moving equipment. | —0 |
Hold or supply tools, parts, equipment, and supplies for other workers. | —0 |
Adjust, maintain, and repair tools, equipment, and machines, and assist more skilled workers with similar tasks. | —0 |
Prepare work stations for use by mechanics and repairers. | —0 |
Order new parts to maintain inventory. | —0 |
Diagnose electrical problems and install and rewire electrical components. | —0 |
Design, weld, and fabricate parts, using blueprints or other mechanical plans. | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Order new parts to maintain inventory.O*NET Task ID 20151 | 0.5 |
Tend and observe equipment and machinery to verify efficient and safe operation.O*NET Task ID 3080 | 0.0 |
Examine and test machinery, equipment, components, and parts for defects to ensure proper functioning.O*NET Task ID 3081 | 0.0 |
Adjust, connect, or disconnect wiring, piping, tubing, and other parts, using hand or power tools.O*NET Task ID 3082 | 0.0 |
Install or replace machinery, equipment, and new or replacement parts and instruments, using hand or power tools.O*NET Task ID 3083 | 0.0 |
Clean or lubricate vehicles, machinery, equipment, instruments, tools, work areas, and other objects, using hand tools, power tools, and cleaning equipment.O*NET Task ID 3084 | 0.0 |
Apply protective materials to equipment, components, and parts to prevent defects and corrosion.O*NET Task ID 3085 | 0.0 |
Transfer tools, parts, equipment, and supplies to and from work stations and other areas.O*NET Task ID 3086 | 0.0 |
Disassemble broken or defective equipment to facilitate repair and reassemble equipment when repairs are complete.O*NET Task ID 3087 | 0.0 |
Assemble and maintain physical structures, using hand or power tools.O*NET Task ID 3088 | 0.0 |
Position vehicles, machinery, equipment, physical structures, and other objects for assembly or installation, using hand tools, power tools, and moving equipment.O*NET Task ID 3090 | 0.0 |
Hold or supply tools, parts, equipment, and supplies for other workers.O*NET Task ID 3091 | 0.0 |
Prepare work stations for use by mechanics and repairers.O*NET Task ID 3092 | 0.0 |
Adjust, maintain, and repair tools, equipment, and machines, and assist more skilled workers with similar tasks.O*NET Task ID 20150 | 0.0 |
Diagnose electrical problems and install and rewire electrical components.O*NET Task ID 20152 | 0.0 |
Design, weld, and fabricate parts, using blueprints or other mechanical plans.O*NET Task ID 20153 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (16)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Tend and observe equipment and machinery to verify efficient and safe operation. | Core |
| Examine and test machinery, equipment, components, and parts for defects to ensure proper functioning. | Core |
| Adjust, connect, or disconnect wiring, piping, tubing, and other parts, using hand or power tools. | Core |
| Install or replace machinery, equipment, and new or replacement parts and instruments, using hand or power tools. | Core |
| Clean or lubricate vehicles, machinery, equipment, instruments, tools, work areas, and other objects, using hand tools, power tools, and cleaning equipment. | Core |
| Apply protective materials to equipment, components, and parts to prevent defects and corrosion. | Core |
| Transfer tools, parts, equipment, and supplies to and from work stations and other areas. | Core |
| Disassemble broken or defective equipment to facilitate repair and reassemble equipment when repairs are complete. | Core |
| Position vehicles, machinery, equipment, physical structures, and other objects for assembly or installation, using hand tools, power tools, and moving equipment. | Core |
| Hold or supply tools, parts, equipment, and supplies for other workers. | Core |
| Adjust, maintain, and repair tools, equipment, and machines, and assist more skilled workers with similar tasks. | Core |
| Order new parts to maintain inventory. | Core |
| Diagnose electrical problems and install and rewire electrical components. | Core |
| Design, weld, and fabricate parts, using blueprints or other mechanical plans. | Core |
| Assemble and maintain physical structures, using hand or power tools. | Supplemental |
| Prepare work stations for use by mechanics and repairers. | Supplemental |
1.01/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Tend and observe equipment and machinery to verify efficient and safe operation. | E2 structured facilities |
| Examine and test machinery, equipment, components, and parts for defects to ensure proper functioning. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Adjust, connect, or disconnect wiring, piping, tubing, and other parts, using hand or power tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Install or replace machinery, equipment, and new or replacement parts and instruments, using hand or power tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Clean or lubricate vehicles, machinery, equipment, instruments, tools, work areas, and other objects, using hand tools, power tools, and cleaning equipment. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Apply protective materials to equipment, components, and parts to prevent defects and corrosion. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Transfer tools, parts, equipment, and supplies to and from work stations and other areas. | E2 structured facilities |
| Disassemble broken or defective equipment to facilitate repair and reassemble equipment when repairs are complete. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Position vehicles, machinery, equipment, physical structures, and other objects for assembly or installation, using hand tools, power tools, and moving equipment. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Hold or supply tools, parts, equipment, and supplies for other workers. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Adjust, maintain, and repair tools, equipment, and machines, and assist more skilled workers with similar tasks. | E0 none |
| Diagnose electrical problems and install and rewire electrical components. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Design, weld, and fabricate parts, using blueprints or other mechanical plans. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Assemble and maintain physical structures, using hand or power tools. | E0 none |
| Prepare work stations for use by mechanics and repairers. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 97K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 102K
- Change (2025–35)
- +5.3%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $39,630
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 93099 | 그 외 제조 관련 단순 종사원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 9622Odd Job Persons
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Odd job persons clean, paint and maintain buildings, grounds and facilities, and undertake simple repairs.
Tasks
- (a) repairing broken windows, screens, doors, fences, barbecues, picnic tables, shelves, cupboards and other items;
- (b) replacing defective items such as light bulbs;
- (c) repairing and painting interior and exterior surfaces such as walls, ceilings and fences;
- (d) adjusting doors and windows;
- (e) replacing tap washers;
- (f) putting up handrails and grab rails;
- (g) unloading coal or wood and putting it into cellars of private households or establishments.
Example occupations
Handyperson · Hotel useful · Odd-job person
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
ISCO-08 9622
- handymanESCO 9622.1
Handymen perform various maintenance and repair activities for buildings, grounds and other facilities. They repair and renovate structures and components, fences, gates and roofs, assemble furniture and perform plumbing and electrical activities. They check heating and ventilation systems, air quality and humidity in the building.
ESCO occupations that ESCO classifies under the ISCO-08 unit groups linked above; they are not matched to this occupation one by one.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| I1310 | Mécanicien / Mécanicienne de maintenance industrielle | Related, not a match |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 9490 | Otras ocupaciones elementales | Related, not a match |
| 9700 | Peones de las industrias manufactureras | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 25101 | Berufe in der Maschinenbau- und Betriebstechnik (ohne Spezialisierung) - Helfer-/Anlerntätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the sameprovisional |
| 25201 | Berufe in der Fahrzeugtechnik (ohne Spezialisierung) - Helfer-/Anlerntätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the sameprovisional |
| 26301 | Berufe in der Elektrotechnik (ohne Spezialisierung) - Helfer-/Anlerntätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 551 | はん用・生産用・業務用機械器具整備・修理従事者 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 553 | 自動車整備・修理従事者 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 739 | その他の運搬・清掃・包装等従事者 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources