Engine and Other Machine Assemblers
Production Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 51-2031.00
Construct, assemble, or rebuild machines, such as engines, turbines, and similar equipment used in such industries as construction, extraction, textiles, and paper manufacturing.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.27
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only12 rated tasks · 2 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (16.7%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Verify conformance of parts to stock lists or blueprints, using measuring instruments, such as calipers, gauges, or micrometers.51-2031.00 | 0.004559.5 |
Read and interpret assembly blueprints or specifications manuals and plan assembly or building operations.51-2031.00 | 0.003140.5 |
| Not observed on any surface — 10 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | |
Inspect, operate, and test completed products to verify functioning, machine capabilities, or conformance to customer specifications. | —0 |
Position or align components for assembly, manually or using hoists. | —0 |
Set and verify parts clearances. | —0 |
Rework, repair, or replace damaged parts or assemblies. | —0 |
Fasten or install piping, fixtures, or wiring and electrical components to form assemblies or subassemblies, using hand tools, rivet guns, or welding equipment. | —0 |
Remove rough spots and smooth surfaces to fit, trim, or clean parts, using hand tools or power tools. | —0 |
Lay out and drill, ream, tap, or cut parts for assembly. | —0 |
Maintain and lubricate parts or components. | —0 |
Assemble systems of gears by aligning and meshing gears in gearboxes. | —0 |
Set up and operate metalworking machines, such as milling or grinding machines, to shape or fabricate parts. | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Read and interpret assembly blueprints or specifications manuals, and plan assembly or building operations.O*NET Task ID 13962 | 0.5 |
Verify conformance of parts to stock lists or blueprints, using measuring instruments such as calipers, gauges, or micrometers.O*NET Task ID 13965 | 0.5 |
Inspect, operate, and test completed products to verify functioning, machine capabilities, or conformance to customer specifications.O*NET Task ID 13958 | 0.0 |
Position or align components for assembly, manually or using hoists.O*NET Task ID 13959 | 0.0 |
Set and verify parts clearances.O*NET Task ID 13960 | 0.0 |
Rework, repair, or replace damaged parts or assemblies.O*NET Task ID 13961 | 0.0 |
Maintain and lubricate parts or components.O*NET Task ID 13963 | 0.0 |
Assemble systems of gears by aligning and meshing gears in gearboxes.O*NET Task ID 13964 | 0.0 |
Fasten or install piping, fixtures, or wiring and electrical components to form assemblies or subassemblies, using hand tools, rivet guns, or welding equipment.O*NET Task ID 13966 | 0.0 |
Remove rough spots and smooth surfaces to fit, trim, or clean parts, using hand tools or power tools.O*NET Task ID 13967 | 0.0 |
Lay out and drill, ream, tap, or cut parts for assembly.O*NET Task ID 13968 | 0.0 |
Set up and operate metalworking machines, such as milling or grinding machines, to shape or fabricate parts.O*NET Task ID 13969 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (12)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Inspect, operate, and test completed products to verify functioning, machine capabilities, or conformance to customer specifications. | Core |
| Position or align components for assembly, manually or using hoists. | Core |
| Set and verify parts clearances. | Core |
| Rework, repair, or replace damaged parts or assemblies. | Core |
| Read and interpret assembly blueprints or specifications manuals, and plan assembly or building operations. | Core |
| Verify conformance of parts to stock lists or blueprints, using measuring instruments such as calipers, gauges, or micrometers. | Core |
| Fasten or install piping, fixtures, or wiring and electrical components to form assemblies or subassemblies, using hand tools, rivet guns, or welding equipment. | Core |
| Remove rough spots and smooth surfaces to fit, trim, or clean parts, using hand tools or power tools. | Core |
| Lay out and drill, ream, tap, or cut parts for assembly. | Core |
| Maintain and lubricate parts or components. | Supplemental |
| Assemble systems of gears by aligning and meshing gears in gearboxes. | Supplemental |
| Set up and operate metalworking machines, such as milling or grinding machines, to shape or fabricate parts. | Supplemental |
0.84/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Inspect, operate, and test completed products to verify functioning, machine capabilities, or conformance to customer specifications. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Position or align components for assembly, manually or using hoists. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Set and verify parts clearances. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Rework, repair, or replace damaged parts or assemblies. | E0 none |
| Verify conformance of parts to stock lists or blueprints, using measuring instruments such as calipers, gauges, or micrometers. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Fasten or install piping, fixtures, or wiring and electrical components to form assemblies or subassemblies, using hand tools, rivet guns, or welding equipment. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Remove rough spots and smooth surfaces to fit, trim, or clean parts, using hand tools or power tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Lay out and drill, ream, tap, or cut parts for assembly. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Maintain and lubricate parts or components. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Assemble systems of gears by aligning and meshing gears in gearboxes. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Set up and operate metalworking machines, such as milling or grinding machines, to shape or fabricate parts. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 34K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 28K
- Change (2025–35)
- -17%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $53,710
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 85421 | 자동차 엔진 조립원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 85511 | 공업기계 조립원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 85512 | 농업기계 조립원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 85513 | 건설기계 조립원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 85514 | 공작기계 조립원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 85519 | 그 외 일반기계 조립원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 85521 | 금속기계 부품 조립원 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
| 85431 | 철도차량 조립원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
| 85432 | 선박 조립원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
| 85439 | 그 외 운송장비 조립원 | Related, not a match | reviewed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 8211Mechanical Machinery Assemblers
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- aircraft engine assemblerESCO 8211.1.1This occupation is broader
Aircraft engine assemblers build and install prefabricated parts to form aircraft engines such as lightweight piston engines and gas turbines. They review specifications and technical drawings to determine materials and assembly instructions. They inspect and test the engines and reject malfunctioning components.
- industrial machinery assemblerESCO 8211.2This occupation is broader
Industrial machinery assemblers manufacture industrial equipment such as industrial robots, assembly line machines, and labeling machines. They use hand tools and computer-controlled machines.
- motor vehicle engine assemblerESCO 8211.5.2This occupation is broader
Motor vehicle engine assemblers build and install prefabricated parts to form motor vehicle engines such as diesel, gas, petrol and electric engines. They review specifications and technical drawings to determine materials and assembly instructions. They inspect and test the engines and reject malfunctioning components.
- vessel engine assemblerESCO 8211.7This occupation is broader
Vessel engine assemblers build and install prefabricated parts to form engines used for all types of vessels such as electric motors, nuclear reactors, gas turbine engines, outboard motors, two-stroke or four-stroke diesel engines and, in some cases, marine steam engines. They review specifications and technical drawings to determine materials and assembly instructions. They inspect and test the engines and reject malfunctioning components.
- aircraft gas turbine engine overhaul technicianESCO 7232.3Overlapping, not the same
Aircraft gas turbine engine overhaul technicians perform overhaul, maintenance and repair work on gas turbine engines. They disassemble, inspect, clean, repair and reassemble the engines using engine-specific tooling.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| H2901 | Ajusteur-monteur / Ajusteuse-monteuse | Overlapping, not the sameprovisional |
| H2909 | Assembleur monteur / Assembleuse monteuse | Overlapping, not the sameprovisional |
| I1324 | Technicien / Technicienne d'installation d'équipements industriels | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 8201 | Ensambladores de maquinaria mecánica | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 25112 | Maschinen- und Gerätezusammensetzer/innen - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 25102 | Berufe in der Maschinenbau- und Betriebstechnik (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 541 | はん用・生産用・業務用機械器具組立従事者 | This occupation is narrower |
| 511 | はん用・生産用・業務用機械器具組立設備制御・監視員 | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources