Stone Cutters and Carvers, Manufacturing
Production Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 51-9195.03
Cut or carve stone according to diagrams and patterns.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.14–0.24· 6 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 7314Potters and Related Workers0.18
- ISCO-08 7315Glass Makers, Cutters, Grinders and Finishers0.19
- ISCO-08 7516Tobacco Preparers and Tobacco Products Makers0.14
- ISCO-08 8131Chemical Products Plant and Machine Operators0.24
- ISCO-08 8141Rubber Products Machine Operators0.18
- ISCO-08 8181Glass and Ceramics Plant Operators0.17
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only16 rated tasks · 3 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (18.8%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 2 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Study artistic objects or graphic materials, such as models, sketches, or blueprints, to plan carving or cutting techniques.51-9195.03 | 0.0041100.0 | 0.0030100.0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 15 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Verify depths and dimensions of cuts or carvings to ensure adherence to specifications, blueprints, or models, using measuring instruments. | —0 | —0 |
Lay out designs or dimensions from sketches or blueprints on stone surfaces, by freehand or by transferring them from tracing paper, using scribes or chalk and measuring instruments. | —0 | —0 |
Drill holes and cut or carve moldings and grooves in stone, according to diagrams and patterns. | —0 | —0 |
Shape, trim, or touch up roughed-out designs with appropriate tools to finish carvings. | —0 | —0 |
Select chisels, pneumatic or surfacing tools, or sandblasting nozzles and determine sequence of use. | —0 | —0 |
Move fingers over surfaces of carvings to ensure smoothness of finish. | —0 | —0 |
Cut, shape, and finish rough blocks of building or monumental stone, according to diagrams or patterns. | —0 | —0 |
Carve designs or figures in full or bas relief on stone, employing knowledge of stone carving techniques and sense of artistry to produce carvings consistent with designers' plans. | —0 | —0 |
Carve rough designs freehand or by chipping along marks on stone, using mallets and chisels or pneumatic tools. | —0 | —0 |
Guide nozzles over stone, following stencil outlines, or chip along marks to create designs or to work surfaces down to specified finishes. | —0 | —0 |
Smooth surfaces of carvings, using rubbing stones. | —0 | —0 |
Remove or add stencils during blasting to create differing cut depths, intricate designs, or rough, pitted finishes. | —0 | —0 |
Copy drawings on rough clay or plaster models. | —0 | —0 |
Load sandblasting equipment with abrasives, attach nozzles to hoses, and turn valves to admit compressed air and activate jets. | —0 | —0 |
Dress stone surfaces, using bushhammers. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Lay out designs or dimensions from sketches or blueprints on stone surfaces, freehand or by transferring them from tracing paper, using scribes or chalk and measuring instruments.O*NET Task ID 12616 | 0.5 |
Study artistic objects or graphic materials, such as models, sketches, or blueprints, to plan carving or cutting techniques.O*NET Task ID 12617 | 0.5 |
Copy drawings on rough clay or plaster models.O*NET Task ID 12627 | 0.5 |
Carve designs or figures in full or bas relief on stone, employing knowledge of stone carving techniques and sense of artistry to produce carvings consistent with designers' plans.O*NET Task ID 12614 | 0.0 |
Verify depths and dimensions of cuts or carvings to ensure adherence to specifications, blueprints, or models, using measuring instruments.O*NET Task ID 12615 | 0.0 |
Drill holes and cut or carve moldings and grooves in stone, according to diagrams and patterns.O*NET Task ID 12618 | 0.0 |
Shape, trim, or touch up roughed-out designs with appropriate tools to finish carvings.O*NET Task ID 12619 | 0.0 |
Select chisels, pneumatic or surfacing tools, or sandblasting nozzles, and determine sequence of use.O*NET Task ID 12620 | 0.0 |
Move fingers over surfaces of carvings to ensure smoothness of finish.O*NET Task ID 12621 | 0.0 |
Carve rough designs freehand or by chipping along marks on stone, using mallets and chisels or pneumatic tools.O*NET Task ID 12622 | 0.0 |
Guide nozzles over stone, following stencil outlines, or chip along marks to create designs or to work surfaces down to specified finishes.O*NET Task ID 12623 | 0.0 |
Cut, shape, and finish rough blocks of building or monumental stone, according to diagrams or patterns.O*NET Task ID 12624 | 0.0 |
Smooth surfaces of carvings, using rubbing stones.O*NET Task ID 12625 | 0.0 |
Remove or add stencils during blasting to create differing cut depths, intricate designs, or rough, pitted finishes.O*NET Task ID 12626 | 0.0 |
Load sandblasting equipment with abrasives, attach nozzles to hoses, and turn valves to admit compressed air and activate jets.O*NET Task ID 12628 | 0.0 |
Dress stone surfaces, using bushhammers.O*NET Task ID 12629 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (14)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Carve designs or figures in full or bas relief on stone, employing knowledge of stone carving techniques and sense of artistry to produce carvings consistent with designers' plans. | Core |
| Verify depths and dimensions of cuts or carvings to ensure adherence to specifications, blueprints, or models, using measuring instruments. | Core |
| Lay out designs or dimensions from sketches or blueprints on stone surfaces, freehand or by transferring them from tracing paper, using scribes or chalk and measuring instruments. | Core |
| Drill holes and cut or carve moldings and grooves in stone, according to diagrams and patterns. | Core |
| Shape, trim, or touch up roughed-out designs with appropriate tools to finish carvings. | Core |
| Select chisels, pneumatic or surfacing tools, or sandblasting nozzles, and determine sequence of use. | Core |
| Move fingers over surfaces of carvings to ensure smoothness of finish. | Core |
| Guide nozzles over stone, following stencil outlines, or chip along marks to create designs or to work surfaces down to specified finishes. | Core |
| Remove or add stencils during blasting to create differing cut depths, intricate designs, or rough, pitted finishes. | Core |
| Study artistic objects or graphic materials, such as models, sketches, or blueprints, to plan carving or cutting techniques. | Supplemental |
| Carve rough designs freehand or by chipping along marks on stone, using mallets and chisels or pneumatic tools. | Supplemental |
| Cut, shape, and finish rough blocks of building or monumental stone, according to diagrams or patterns. | Supplemental |
| Smooth surfaces of carvings, using rubbing stones. | Supplemental |
| Load sandblasting equipment with abrasives, attach nozzles to hoses, and turn valves to admit compressed air and activate jets. | Supplemental |
0.95/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Verify depths and dimensions of cuts or carvings to ensure adherence to specifications, blueprints, or models, using measuring instruments. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Lay out designs or dimensions from sketches or blueprints on stone surfaces, freehand or by transferring them from tracing paper, using scribes or chalk and measuring instruments. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Drill holes and cut or carve moldings and grooves in stone, according to diagrams and patterns. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Shape, trim, or touch up roughed-out designs with appropriate tools to finish carvings. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Select chisels, pneumatic or surfacing tools, or sandblasting nozzles, and determine sequence of use. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Move fingers over surfaces of carvings to ensure smoothness of finish. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Cut, shape, and finish rough blocks of building or monumental stone, according to diagrams or patterns. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Carve designs or figures in full or bas relief on stone, employing knowledge of stone carving techniques and sense of artistry to produce carvings consistent with designers' plans. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Carve rough designs freehand or by chipping along marks on stone, using mallets and chisels or pneumatic tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Guide nozzles over stone, following stencil outlines, or chip along marks to create designs or to work surfaces down to specified finishes. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Smooth surfaces of carvings, using rubbing stones. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Remove or add stencils during blasting to create differing cut depths, intricate designs, or rough, pitted finishes. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Copy drawings on rough clay or plaster models. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Load sandblasting equipment with abrasives, attach nozzles to hoses, and turn valves to admit compressed air and activate jets. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Dress stone surfaces, using bushhammers. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 51-9195 group (Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 43K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 46K
- Change (2025–35)
- +5.8%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $46,170
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 78413 | 석재 절단원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 79113 | 석 공예원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 84342 | 석제품 가공기 조작원 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 7314Potters and Related Workers
- ISCO-08 7315Glass Makers, Cutters, Grinders and Finishers
- ISCO-08 7516Tobacco Preparers and Tobacco Products Makers
- ISCO-08 8131Chemical Products Plant and Machine Operators
- ISCO-08 8141Rubber Products Machine Operators
- ISCO-08 8181Glass and Ceramics Plant Operators
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- stone engraverESCO 7113.1.1This occupation is broader
Stone engravers use hand tools, machines and chemical products to etch and carve patterns and inscriptions on stone surfaces.
- stonemasonESCO 7113.1This occupation is broader
Stonemasons manually carve and assemble stone for construction purposes. While CNC operated carving equipment is the industry standard, artisanal carving for ornamental stone is still done manually.
- precious stone cutterESCO 7313.2Overlapping, not the same
Precious stone cutters use cutting machines and tools to cut or carve diamonds and other gemstones according to diagrams and patterns while considering different specifications. They are experts at fabricating jewellery such as rings, brooches, chains and bracelets from gemstones.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| F1612 | Tailleur / Tailleuse de pierre | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| B1103 | Sculpteur / Sculptrice | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| B1303 | Graveur / Graveuse d'art | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 7122 | Canteros, tronzadores, labrantes y grabadores de piedras | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 8112 | Operadores en instalaciones para la preparación de minerales y rocas | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 21232 | Berufe in der Steinmetztechnik - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
| 21212 | Berufe in der Naturstein- und Mineralaufbereitung - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 21233 | Berufe in der Steinmetztechnik - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 532 | 窯業・土石製品製造従事者 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources