Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic
Production Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 51-9195.00
Mold, shape, form, cast, or carve products such as food products, figurines, tile, pipes, and candles consisting of clay, glass, plaster, concrete, stone, or combinations of materials.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.14–0.24· 6 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 7314Potters and Related Workers0.18
- ISCO-08 7315Glass Makers, Cutters, Grinders and Finishers0.19
- ISCO-08 7516Tobacco Preparers and Tobacco Products Makers0.14
- ISCO-08 8131Chemical Products Plant and Machine Operators0.24
- ISCO-08 8141Rubber Products Machine Operators0.18
- ISCO-08 8181Glass and Ceramics Plant Operators0.17
Task-level exposure
27 rated tasks · 0 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (0.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 3 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Read work orders or examine parts to determine parts or sections of products to be produced.O*NET Task ID 23666 | 0.0 |
Trim or remove excess material, using scrapers, knives, or band saws.O*NET Task ID 23667 | 0.0 |
Brush or spray mold surfaces with parting agents or insert paper into molds to ensure smoothness and prevent sticking or seepage.O*NET Task ID 23668 | 0.0 |
Engrave or stamp identifying symbols, letters, or numbers on products.O*NET Task ID 23669 | 0.0 |
Assemble, insert, and adjust wires, tubes, cores, fittings, rods, or patterns into molds, using hand tools and depth gauges.O*NET Task ID 23670 | 0.0 |
Clean, finish, and lubricate molds and mold parts.O*NET Task ID 23671 | 0.0 |
Separate models or patterns from molds and examine products for accuracy.O*NET Task ID 23672 | 0.0 |
Set the proper operating temperature for each casting.O*NET Task ID 23673 | 0.0 |
Load or stack filled molds in ovens, dryers, or curing boxes, or on storage racks or carts.O*NET Task ID 23674 | 0.0 |
Align and assemble parts to produce completed products, using gauges and hand tools.O*NET Task ID 23675 | 0.0 |
Operate and adjust controls of heating equipment to melt material or to cure, dry, or bake filled molds.O*NET Task ID 23676 | 0.0 |
Select sizes and types of molds according to instructions.O*NET Task ID 23677 | 0.0 |
Patch broken edges or fractures, using clay or plaster.O*NET Task ID 23678 | 0.0 |
Withdraw cores or other loose mold members after castings solidify.O*NET Task ID 23679 | 0.0 |
Repair mold defects, such as cracks or broken edges, using patterns, mold boxes, or hand tools.O*NET Task ID 23680 | 0.0 |
Measure and cut products to specified dimensions, using measuring and cutting instruments.O*NET Task ID 23681 | 0.0 |
Smooth surfaces of molds, using scraping tools or sandpaper.O*NET Task ID 23682 | 0.0 |
Measure ingredients and mix molding, casting material, or sealing compounds to prescribed consistencies, according to formulas.O*NET Task ID 23683 | 0.0 |
Remove excess materials and level and smooth wet mold mixtures.O*NET Task ID 23684 | 0.0 |
Operate molding machines that compact sand in flasks to form molds.O*NET Task ID 23685 | 0.0 |
Place forms around models and separately immerse each half portion of a model in plaster, wax, or other mold-making materials.O*NET Task ID 23686 | 0.0 |
Verify dimensions of products, using measuring instruments, such as calipers, vernier gauges, or protractors.O*NET Task ID 23687 | 0.0 |
Bore holes or cut grates, risers, or pouring spouts in molds, using power tools.O*NET Task ID 23688 | 0.0 |
Locate and scribe parting lines on patterns, using measuring instruments, such as calipers, squares, or depth gauges.O*NET Task ID 23689 | 0.0 |
Tap or tilt molds to ensure uniform distribution of materials.O*NET Task ID 23690 | 0.0 |
Construct or form molds for use in casting clay or plaster objects, using plaster, fiberglass, rubber, casting machines, patterns, or flasks.O*NET Task ID 23691 | 0.0 |
Pour, pack, spread, or press plaster, concrete, or other materials into or around models or molds.O*NET Task ID 23692 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (24)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Read work orders or examine parts to determine parts or sections of products to be produced. | Core |
| Trim or remove excess material, using scrapers, knives, or band saws. | Core |
| Brush or spray mold surfaces with parting agents or insert paper into molds to ensure smoothness and prevent sticking or seepage. | Supplemental |
| Engrave or stamp identifying symbols, letters, or numbers on products. | Supplemental |
| Assemble, insert, and adjust wires, tubes, cores, fittings, rods, or patterns into molds, using hand tools and depth gauges. | Supplemental |
| Clean, finish, and lubricate molds and mold parts. | Supplemental |
| Separate models or patterns from molds and examine products for accuracy. | Supplemental |
| Set the proper operating temperature for each casting. | Supplemental |
| Load or stack filled molds in ovens, dryers, or curing boxes, or on storage racks or carts. | Supplemental |
| Align and assemble parts to produce completed products, using gauges and hand tools. | Supplemental |
| Operate and adjust controls of heating equipment to melt material or to cure, dry, or bake filled molds. | Supplemental |
| Select sizes and types of molds according to instructions. | Supplemental |
| Patch broken edges or fractures, using clay or plaster. | Supplemental |
| Withdraw cores or other loose mold members after castings solidify. | Supplemental |
| Repair mold defects, such as cracks or broken edges, using patterns, mold boxes, or hand tools. | Supplemental |
| Measure and cut products to specified dimensions, using measuring and cutting instruments. | Supplemental |
| Smooth surfaces of molds, using scraping tools or sandpaper. | Supplemental |
| Measure ingredients and mix molding, casting material, or sealing compounds to prescribed consistencies, according to formulas. | Supplemental |
| Remove excess materials and level and smooth wet mold mixtures. | Supplemental |
| Verify dimensions of products, using measuring instruments, such as calipers, vernier gauges, or protractors. | Supplemental |
| Bore holes or cut grates, risers, or pouring spouts in molds, using power tools. | Supplemental |
| Tap or tilt molds to ensure uniform distribution of materials. | Supplemental |
| Construct or form molds for use in casting clay or plaster objects, using plaster, fiberglass, rubber, casting machines, patterns, or flasks. | — |
| Pour, pack, spread, or press plaster, concrete, or other materials into or around models or molds. | — |
0.91/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Trim or remove excess material, using scrapers, knives, or band saws. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Brush or spray mold surfaces with parting agents or insert paper into molds to ensure smoothness and prevent sticking or seepage. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Engrave or stamp identifying symbols, letters, or numbers on products. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Assemble, insert, and adjust wires, tubes, cores, fittings, rods, or patterns into molds, using hand tools and depth gauges. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Clean, finish, and lubricate molds and mold parts. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Separate models or patterns from molds and examine products for accuracy. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Set the proper operating temperature for each casting. | E2 structured facilities |
| Load or stack filled molds in ovens, dryers, or curing boxes, or on storage racks or carts. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Align and assemble parts to produce completed products, using gauges and hand tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Operate and adjust controls of heating equipment to melt material or to cure, dry, or bake filled molds. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Select sizes and types of molds according to instructions. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Patch broken edges or fractures, using clay or plaster. | E0 none |
| Withdraw cores or other loose mold members after castings solidify. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Repair mold defects, such as cracks or broken edges, using patterns, mold boxes, or hand tools. | E0 none |
| Measure and cut products to specified dimensions, using measuring and cutting instruments. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Smooth surfaces of molds, using scraping tools or sandpaper. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Measure ingredients and mix molding, casting material, or sealing compounds to prescribed consistencies, according to formulas. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Remove excess materials and level and smooth wet mold mixtures. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Verify dimensions of products, using measuring instruments, such as calipers, vernier gauges, or protractors. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Bore holes or cut grates, risers, or pouring spouts in molds, using power tools. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Tap or tilt molds to ensure uniform distribution of materials. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Construct or form molds for use in casting clay or plaster objects, using plaster, fiberglass, rubber, casting machines, patterns, or flasks. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Pour, pack, spread, or press plaster, concrete, or other materials into or around models or molds. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 51-9195 group (Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 43K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 46K
- Change (2025–35)
- +5.8%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $46,170
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 84332 | 콘크리트제품 제조 관련 조작원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 84331 | 시멘트 및 석회 제조 관련 조작원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 7314Potters and Related Workers
- ISCO-08 7315Glass Makers, Cutters, Grinders and Finishers
- ISCO-08 7516Tobacco Preparers and Tobacco Products Makers
- ISCO-08 8131Chemical Products Plant and Machine Operators
- ISCO-08 8141Rubber Products Machine Operators
- ISCO-08 8181Glass and Ceramics Plant Operators
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- casting mould makerESCO 7222.1This occupation is broader
Casting mould makers create metal, wooden or plastic models of the finished product to be cast. The patterns are then used to create moulds, eventually leading to the casting of the product of the same shape as the pattern.
- pottery and porcelain casterESCO 8181.11This occupation is broader
Pottery and porcelain casters fill moulds with clay to cast pottery and porcelain wares. They pour excess slip out of the mould when needed, drain moulds, remove the cast from the mould, smooth the casting surfaces to remove marks and place the castings on boards to dry.
- precast moulderESCO 8114.5This occupation is broader
Precast moulders handcast decorative and structural concrete building products such as fireplace units, blocks or coloured tiles. They use a portable concrete-mixing machine.
- hand brick moulderESCO 7314.1Overlapping, not the same
Hand brick moulders create unique bricks, pipes, and other heat-resistant products using hand moulding tools. They create moulds according to specifications, clean and oil them, insert and remove the mixture from the mould. Then, they let the bricks dry in kiln before finishing and smoothing the end products.
- production potterESCO 7314.2Overlapping, not the same
Production potters process and form clay, by hand or by using the wheel, into end-products pottery, stoneware products, earthenware products and porcelain. They introduce the already shaped clay into kilns, heating them at a high temperature in order to remove all the water from the clay.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| F1706 | Agent / Agente de préfabrication de l'industrie du béton | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| H2803 | Opérateur / Opératrice en Industrie Céramique | Overlapping, not the sameprovisional |
| H2908 | Modeleur / Modeleuse | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 7614 | Trabajadores de la cerámica, alfareros y afines | Overlapping, not the same |
| 8114 | Operadores de maquinaria para fabricar productos derivados de minerales no metálicos | Overlapping, not the same |
| 7615 | Sopladores, modeladores, laminadores, cortadores y pulidores de vidrio | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 93352 | Berufe in der Wachszieherei - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broader |
| 21422 | Berufe in der Industriekeramik (Modelltechnik) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| 21222 | Berufe in der Baustoffherstellung - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the same |
| 21412 | Berufe in der Industriekeramik (Verfahrens- und Anlagentechnik) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 21423 | Berufe in der Industriekeramik (Modelltechnik) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 532 | 窯業・土石製品製造従事者 | This occupation is narrower |
| 531 | 化学製品製造従事者 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources