Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic

Production Occupations
O*NET-SOC code
51-9195.00

Mold, shape, form, cast, or carve products such as food products, figurines, tile, pipes, and candles consisting of clay, glass, plaster, concrete, stone, or combinations of materials.

  • Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08

    Low· relative

    LowFour relative bandsVery high

    Group-level value

    Scale, basis and source

    Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)

    831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band

    Source dataset (XLSX download)

  • Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03

    0.000

    0.000Range of values carried here0.745

    Group-level value

    Scale, basis and source

    Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published

    Mapped onto O*NET tasks

    Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value

    Source dataset (CSV download)

  • Data source: ILOPublished: 2025

    0.14–0.24· 6 ISCO-08 groups

    Scale, basis and source

    Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published

    Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published

    Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
  • ISCO-08 7314Potters and Related Workers0.18
  • ISCO-08 7315Glass Makers, Cutters, Grinders and Finishers0.19
  • ISCO-08 7516Tobacco Preparers and Tobacco Products Makers0.14
  • ISCO-08 8131Chemical Products Plant and Machine Operators0.24
  • ISCO-08 8141Rubber Products Machine Operators0.18
  • ISCO-08 8181Glass and Ceramics Plant Operators0.17

Task-level exposure

Exposed tasks only

27 rated tasks · 0 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (0.0%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

  • Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
  • 3 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
Source
OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release
gh-main-0471612
License
MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Tasks of O*NET-SOC 2010 occupation 51-9195.07 Molding and Casting Workers, linked to this occupation by the O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019 crosswalk

Task (O*NET 20.1)Claude.aiRaw / share %
Verify dimensions of products, using measuring instruments, such as calipers, vernier gauges, or protractors.

51-9195.07

0.053593.0
Measure ingredients and mix molding, casting material, or sealing compounds to prescribed consistencies, according to formulas.

51-9195.07

0.00407.0
Not observed on any surface — 26 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states.
Read work orders or examine parts to determine parts or sections of products to be produced.
—0
Trim or remove excess material, using scrapers, knives, or band saws.
—0
Brush or spray mold surfaces with parting agents or insert paper into molds to ensure smoothness and prevent sticking or seepage.
—0
Clean, finish, and lubricate molds and mold parts.
—0
Separate models or patterns from molds and examine products for accuracy.
—0
Pour, pack, spread, or press plaster, concrete, liquid plastic, or other materials into or around models or molds.
—0
Operate and adjust controls of heating equipment to melt material or to cure, dry, or bake filled molds.
—0
Load or stack filled molds in ovens, dryers, or curing boxes, or on storage racks or carts.
—0
Set the proper operating temperature for each casting.
—0
Measure and cut products to specified dimensions, using measuring and cutting instruments.
—0
Remove excess materials and level and smooth wet mold mixtures.
—0
Melt metal pieces, using torches, and cast products, such as inlays and crowns, using centrifugal casting machines.
—0
Select sizes and types of molds according to instructions.
—0
Align and assemble parts to produce completed products, using gauges and hand tools.
—0
Withdraw cores or other loose mold members after castings solidify.
—0
Bore holes or cut grates, risers, or pouring spouts in molds, using power tools.
—0
Construct or form molds for use in casting metal, clay, or plaster objects, using plaster, fiberglass, rubber, casting machines, patterns, or flasks.
—0
Tap or tilt molds to ensure uniform distribution of materials.
—0
Patch broken edges or fractures, using clay or plaster.
—0
Locate and scribe parting lines on patterns, using measuring instruments, such as calipers, squares, or depth gauges.
—0
Smooth surfaces of molds, using scraping tools or sandpaper.
—0
Assemble, insert, and adjust wires, tubes, cores, fittings, rods, or patterns into molds, using hand tools and depth gauges.
—0
Repair mold defects, such as cracks or broken edges, using patterns, mold boxes, or hand tools.
—0
Engrave or stamp identifying symbols, letters, or numbers on products.
—0
Place forms around models and separately immerse each half portion of a model in plaster, wax, or other mold-making materials.
—0
Operate molding machines that compact sand in flasks to form molds.
—0

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (24)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)Type
Read work orders or examine parts to determine parts or sections of products to be produced.Core
Trim or remove excess material, using scrapers, knives, or band saws.Core
Brush or spray mold surfaces with parting agents or insert paper into molds to ensure smoothness and prevent sticking or seepage.Supplemental
Engrave or stamp identifying symbols, letters, or numbers on products.Supplemental
Assemble, insert, and adjust wires, tubes, cores, fittings, rods, or patterns into molds, using hand tools and depth gauges.Supplemental
Clean, finish, and lubricate molds and mold parts.Supplemental
Separate models or patterns from molds and examine products for accuracy.Supplemental
Set the proper operating temperature for each casting.Supplemental
Load or stack filled molds in ovens, dryers, or curing boxes, or on storage racks or carts.Supplemental
Align and assemble parts to produce completed products, using gauges and hand tools.Supplemental
Operate and adjust controls of heating equipment to melt material or to cure, dry, or bake filled molds.Supplemental
Select sizes and types of molds according to instructions.Supplemental
Patch broken edges or fractures, using clay or plaster.Supplemental
Withdraw cores or other loose mold members after castings solidify.Supplemental
Repair mold defects, such as cracks or broken edges, using patterns, mold boxes, or hand tools.Supplemental
Measure and cut products to specified dimensions, using measuring and cutting instruments.Supplemental
Smooth surfaces of molds, using scraping tools or sandpaper.Supplemental
Measure ingredients and mix molding, casting material, or sealing compounds to prescribed consistencies, according to formulas.Supplemental
Remove excess materials and level and smooth wet mold mixtures.Supplemental
Verify dimensions of products, using measuring instruments, such as calipers, vernier gauges, or protractors.Supplemental
Bore holes or cut grates, risers, or pouring spouts in molds, using power tools.Supplemental
Tap or tilt molds to ensure uniform distribution of materials.Supplemental
Construct or form molds for use in casting clay or plaster objects, using plaster, fiberglass, rubber, casting machines, patterns, or flasks.—
Pour, pack, spread, or press plaster, concrete, or other materials into or around models or molds.—

Occupation information

Employment outlook (BLS)

Values for the whole SOC 51-9195 group (Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic), not for this O*NET occupation alone.

Employment, 2025
43K
Projected employment, 2035
46K
Change (2025–35)
+5.8%
Median annual wage, 2025
$46,170
Typical education needed for entry
High school diploma or equivalent
lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO codeKSCO titleRelationStatus
84332콘크리트제품 제조 관련 조작원This occupation is broaderconfirmed
84331시멘트 및 석회 제조 관련 조작원Related, not a matchconfirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

  • ISCO-08 7314Potters and Related Workers
  • ISCO-08 7315Glass Makers, Cutters, Grinders and Finishers
  • ISCO-08 7516Tobacco Preparers and Tobacco Products Makers
  • ISCO-08 8131Chemical Products Plant and Machine Operators
  • ISCO-08 8141Rubber Products Machine Operators
  • ISCO-08 8181Glass and Ceramics Plant Operators

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

  • casting mould makerESCO 7222.1This occupation is broader

    Casting mould makers create metal, wooden or plastic models of the finished product to be cast. The patterns are then used to create moulds, eventually leading to the casting of the product of the same shape as the pattern.

  • pottery and porcelain casterESCO 8181.11This occupation is broader

    Pottery and porcelain casters fill moulds with clay to cast pottery and porcelain wares. They pour excess slip out of the mould when needed, drain moulds, remove the cast from the mould, smooth the casting surfaces to remove marks and place the castings on boards to dry.

  • precast moulderESCO 8114.5This occupation is broader

    Precast moulders handcast decorative and structural concrete building products such as fireplace units, blocks or coloured tiles. They use a portable concrete-mixing machine.

  • hand brick moulderESCO 7314.1Overlapping, not the same

    Hand brick moulders create unique bricks, pipes, and other heat-resistant products using hand moulding tools. They create moulds according to specifications, clean and oil them, insert and remove the mixture from the mould. Then, they let the bricks dry in kiln before finishing and smoothing the end products.

  • production potterESCO 7314.2Overlapping, not the same

    Production potters process and form clay, by hand or by using the wheel, into end-products pottery, stoneware products, earthenware products and porcelain. They introduce the already shaped clay into kilns, heating them at a high temperature in order to remove all the water from the clay.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME codeROME title (French)Relation
F1706Agent / Agente de préfabrication de l'industrie du bétonThis occupation is broaderprovisional
H2803Opérateur / Opératrice en Industrie CéramiqueOverlapping, not the sameprovisional
H2908Modeleur / ModeleuseRelated, not a matchprovisional

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 codeCNO-11 title (Spanish)Relation
7614Trabajadores de la cerámica, alfareros y afinesOverlapping, not the same
8114Operadores de maquinaria para fabricar productos derivados de minerales no metálicosOverlapping, not the same
7615Sopladores, modeladores, laminadores, cortadores y pulidores de vidrioRelated, not a match

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB codeKldB title (German)Relation
93352Berufe in der Wachszieherei - fachlich ausgerichtete TätigkeitenThis occupation is broader
21422Berufe in der Industriekeramik (Modelltechnik) - fachlich ausgerichtete TätigkeitenThis occupation is broaderprovisional
21222Berufe in der Baustoffherstellung - fachlich ausgerichtete TätigkeitenOverlapping, not the same
21412Berufe in der Industriekeramik (Verfahrens- und Anlagentechnik) - fachlich ausgerichtete TätigkeitenRelated, not a match
21423Berufe in der Industriekeramik (Modelltechnik) - komplexe SpezialistentätigkeitenRelated, not a matchprovisional

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO codeJSCO title (Japanese)Relation
532窯業・土石製品製造従事者This occupation is narrower
531化学製品製造従事者Related, not a match

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources