Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 53-7062.00
Manually move freight, stock, luggage, or other materials, or perform other general labor. Includes all manual laborers not elsewhere classified.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.09–0.14· 3 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 9329Manufacturing Labourers Not Elsewhere Classified0.12
- ISCO-08 9333Freight Handlers0.14
- ISCO-08 9624Water and Firewood Collectors0.09
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only21 rated tasks · 1 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (4.8%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 9 rated tasks are not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; their scores are kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Record numbers of units handled or moved, using daily production sheets or work tickets.O*NET Task ID 10780 | 1.0 |
Attach identifying tags to containers or mark them with identifying information.O*NET Task ID 10778 | 0.0 |
Read work orders or receive oral instructions to determine work assignments or material or equipment needs.O*NET Task ID 10779 | 0.0 |
Move freight, stock, or other materials to and from storage or production areas, loading docks, delivery vehicles, ships, or containers, by hand or using trucks, tractors, or other equipment.O*NET Task ID 10781 | 0.0 |
Sort cargo before loading and unloading.O*NET Task ID 10782 | 0.0 |
Pack containers and re-pack damaged containers.O*NET Task ID 10786 | 0.0 |
Carry needed tools or supplies from storage or trucks and return them after use.O*NET Task ID 10787 | 0.0 |
Install protective devices, such as bracing, padding, or strapping, to prevent shifting or damage to items being transported.O*NET Task ID 10788 | 0.0 |
Maintain equipment storage areas to ensure that inventory is protected.O*NET Task ID 10789 | 0.0 |
Attach slings, hooks, or other devices to lift cargo and guide loads.O*NET Task ID 10790 | 0.0 |
Carry out general yard duties, such as performing shunting on railway lines.O*NET Task ID 10791 | 0.0 |
Adjust controls to guide, position, or move equipment, such as cranes, booms, or cameras.O*NET Task ID 10792 | 0.0 |
Guide loads being lifted to prevent swinging.O*NET Task ID 10793 | 0.0 |
Adjust or replace equipment parts, such as rollers, belts, plugs, or caps, using hand tools.O*NET Task ID 10794 | 0.0 |
Stack cargo in locations, such as transit sheds or in holds of ships as directed, using pallets or cargo boards.O*NET Task ID 10795 | 0.0 |
Connect electrical equipment to power sources so that it can be tested before use.O*NET Task ID 10796 | 0.0 |
Bundle and band material such as fodder or tobacco leaves, using banding machines.O*NET Task ID 10798 | 0.0 |
Rig or dismantle props or equipment, such as frames, scaffolding, platforms, or backdrops, using hand tools.O*NET Task ID 10799 | 0.0 |
Direct spouts and position receptacles, such as bins, carts, or containers, so they can be loaded.O*NET Task ID 10801 | 0.0 |
Wash out cargo containers or storage areas.O*NET Task ID 10804 | 0.0 |
Shovel material, such as gravel, ice, or spilled concrete, into containers or bins or onto conveyors.O*NET Task ID 10806 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (13)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Read work orders or receive oral instructions to determine work assignments or material or equipment needs. | Core |
| Move freight, stock, or other materials to and from storage or production areas, loading docks, delivery vehicles, ships, or containers, by hand or using trucks, tractors, or other equipment. | Core |
| Maintain equipment storage areas to ensure that inventory is protected. | Core |
| Attach identifying tags to containers or mark them with identifying information. | Supplemental |
| Record numbers of units handled or moved, using daily production sheets or work tickets. | Supplemental |
| Sort cargo before loading and unloading. | Supplemental |
| Assemble product containers or crates, using hand tools and precut lumber. | Supplemental |
| Pack containers and re-pack damaged containers. | Supplemental |
| Carry needed tools or supplies from storage or trucks and return them after use. | Supplemental |
| Install protective devices, such as bracing, padding, or strapping, to prevent shifting or damage to items being transported. | Supplemental |
| Attach slings, hooks, or other devices to lift cargo and guide loads. | Supplemental |
| Adjust controls to guide, position, or move equipment, such as cranes, booms, or cameras. | Supplemental |
| Connect electrical equipment to power sources so that it can be tested before use. | Supplemental |
1.46/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Move freight, stock, or other materials to and from storage or production areas, loading docks, delivery vehicles, ships, or containers, by hand or using trucks, tractors, or other equipment. | E2 structured facilities |
| Maintain equipment storage areas to ensure that inventory is protected. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Attach identifying tags to containers or mark them with identifying information. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Sort cargo before loading and unloading. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Assemble product containers or crates, using hand tools and precut lumber. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Pack containers and re-pack damaged containers. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Carry needed tools or supplies from storage or trucks and return them after use. | E2 structured facilities |
| Install protective devices, such as bracing, padding, or strapping, to prevent shifting or damage to items being transported. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Attach slings, hooks, or other devices to lift cargo and guide loads. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Adjust controls to guide, position, or move equipment, such as cranes, booms, or cameras. | E2 structured facilities |
| Connect electrical equipment to power sources so that it can be tested before use. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 53-7062 group (Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 2.9M
- Projected employment, 2035
- 3.0M
- Change (2025–35)
- +1.8%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $40,240
- Typical education needed for entry
- No formal educational credential
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 92111 | 하역 및 적재 관련 단순 종사원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 92112 | 이삿짐 운반원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 92119 | 그 외 하역 및 적재 단순 종사원 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 9329Manufacturing Labourers Not Elsewhere Classified
- ISCO-08 9333Freight Handlers
- ISCO-08 9624Water and Firewood Collectors
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- materials handlerESCO 9333.3This occupation is broader
Materials handlers execute the handling and storage of materials through activities such as loading, unloading and moving articles in a warehouse or storage room. They work according to orders to inspect materials and provide documentation for the handling of items. Materials handlers also manage inventory and ensure the safe disposal of waste.
- moverESCO 9333.4This occupation is broader
Movers are responsible for the physical handling of goods and belongings to be relocated or transported from one place to the other. They disassemble goods, machinery or belongings for transporting and assemble or install them in the new location. They ensure that objects are well protected and packed, secured and placed correctly in trucks and transports.
- stevedoreESCO 9333.6This occupation is broader
Stevedores sort, handle, load and unload freight into over-the-road equipment in accordance with oral and written instructions, as well as state regulations. They move freight such as boxes, bulky items, or even large pallets of goods to and from storage areas and onto transport vehicles.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| N1106 | Déménageur / Déménageuse d'œuvres d'art | This occupation is broader |
| N1102 | Déménageur / Déménageuse | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| N1105 | Manutentionnaire | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| N3203 | Ouvrier / Ouvrière de manutention portuaire | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| N4121 | Aide-livreur / Aide-livreuse | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| N2203 | Agent / Agente d'opérations sur piste | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 9811 | Peones del transporte de mercancías y descargadores | Same scopeprovisional |
| 9700 | Peones de las industrias manufactureras | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 51311 | Berufe in der Lagerwirtschaft - Helfer-/Anlerntätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 702 | 船内・沿岸荷役従事者 | This occupation is broader |
| 703 | 陸上荷役・運搬従事者 | This occupation is broader |
| 704 | 倉庫作業従事者 | Overlapping, not the same |
| 739 | その他の運搬・清掃・包装等従事者 | Overlapping, not the same |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources