Packers and Packagers, Hand

Transportation and Material Moving Occupations

O*NET-SOC code: 53-7064.00

Pack or package by hand a wide variety of products and materials.

Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
Source dataset (CSV download)
Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.20
0.09Range of values carried here0.70
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Exposed tasks only

12 rated tasks · 1 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (8.3%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.

Source: OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release: gh-main-0471612
License: MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task (O*NET 27.2)	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Record product, packaging, and order information on specified forms and records. O*NET Task ID 3214	1.0
Mark and label containers, container tags, or products, using marking tools. O*NET Task ID 3211	0.0
Measure, weigh, and count products and materials. O*NET Task ID 3212	0.0
Remove completed or defective products or materials, placing them on moving equipment, such as conveyors, or in specified areas, such as loading docks. O*NET Task ID 3215	0.0
Seal containers or materials, using glues, fasteners, nails, and hand tools. O*NET Task ID 3216	0.0
Load materials and products into package processing equipment. O*NET Task ID 3217	0.0
Assemble, line, and pad cartons, crates, and containers, using hand tools. O*NET Task ID 3218	0.0
Clean containers, materials, supplies, or work areas, using cleaning solutions and hand tools. O*NET Task ID 3219	0.0
Transport packages to customers' vehicles. O*NET Task ID 3220	0.0
Place or pour products or materials into containers, using hand tools and equipment, or fill containers from spouts or chutes. O*NET Task ID 3221	0.0
Obtain, move, and sort products, materials, containers, and orders, using hand tools. O*NET Task ID 3222	0.0
Examine and inspect containers, materials, or products to ensure that product quality and packing specifications are met. O*NET Task ID 21216	0.0

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (12)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)	Type
Mark and label containers, container tags, or products, using marking tools.	Core
Measure, weigh, and count products and materials.	Core
Record product, packaging, and order information on specified forms and records.	Core
Seal containers or materials, using glues, fasteners, nails, and hand tools.	Core
Assemble, line, and pad cartons, crates, and containers, using hand tools.	Core
Clean containers, materials, supplies, or work areas, using cleaning solutions and hand tools.	Core
Obtain, move, and sort products, materials, containers, and orders, using hand tools.	Core
Examine and inspect containers, materials, or products to ensure that product quality and packing specifications are met.	Core
Remove completed or defective products or materials, placing them on moving equipment, such as conveyors, or in specified areas, such as loading docks.	Supplemental
Load materials and products into package processing equipment.	Supplemental
Transport packages to customers' vehicles.	Supplemental
Place or pour products or materials into containers, using hand tools and equipment, or fill containers from spouts or chutes.	Supplemental

Anthropic, "What work can robots do?"2026-09

1.42/ 3· Robot exposure index

0 none3 unstructured settings

Scale, basis and source

Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time

Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks

Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.

Source dataset

The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.

Tier of each physical task

Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)

E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site

Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.

Task (O*NET 29.3)	Robot environment tier
Mark and label containers, container tags, or products, using marking tools.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Measure, weigh, and count products and materials.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Seal containers or materials, using glues, fasteners, nails, and hand tools.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Assemble, line, and pad cartons, crates, and containers, using hand tools.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Clean containers, materials, supplies, or work areas, using cleaning solutions and hand tools.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Obtain, move, and sort products, materials, containers, and orders, using hand tools.	E2 structured facilities
Examine and inspect containers, materials, or products to ensure that product quality and packing specifications are met.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Remove completed or defective products or materials, placing them on moving equipment, such as conveyors, or in specified areas, such as loading docks.	E2 structured facilities
Load materials and products into package processing equipment.	E2 structured facilities
Transport packages to customers' vehicles.	E1 purpose-built robot settings
Place or pour products or materials into containers, using hand tools and equipment, or fill containers from spouts or chutes.	E2 structured facilities

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025: 556K
Projected employment, 2035: 528K
Change (2025–35): -5%
Median annual wage, 2025: $36,280
Typical education needed for entry: No formal educational credential

lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO code	KSCO title	Relation	Status
93091	수동 포장원	Same scope	confirmed
93092	수동 상표 부착원	Overlapping, not the same	confirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

ISCO-08 9321Hand Packers

The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.

Hand packers weigh, pack and label materials and products by hand.

Tasks

(a) weighing, wrapping, sealing and packing material and various products by hand;
(b) filling bottles, cans, boxes, bags and other containers with products by hand;
(c) labelling products, packages and various containers by hand.

Example occupations

Labeller (hand) · Packer (hand) · Wrapper (hand)

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

hand packerESCO 9321.2Same scope
Hand packers collect, pack and label goods and materials by hand. They ensure that all goods and materials are packed according to instructions and requirements.
clothing finisherESCO 9321.1Overlapping, not the same
Clothing finishers set haberdasheries (e.g. bottoms, zips, and ribbons) and cut threads. They weigh, pack, label materials and products.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME code	ROME title (French)	Relation
H3302	Agent / Agente de conditionnement	This occupation is broaderprovisional
H3308	Emballeur industriel / Emballeuse industrielle	This occupation is broaderprovisional
N1115	Opérateur / Opératrice logistique	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 code	CNO-11 title (Spanish)	Relation
9700	Peones de las industrias manufactureras	This occupation is narrowerprovisional

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB code	KldB title (German)	Relation
51311	Berufe in der Lagerwirtschaft - Helfer-/Anlerntätigkeiten	This occupation is narrowerprovisional
51312	Berufe in der Lagerwirtschaft - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO code	JSCO title (Japanese)	Relation
706	荷造従事者	This occupation is broader
721	包装従事者	This occupation is broader

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources