Desktop Publishers
Office & Administrative SupportAI exposure
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.464
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.38
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
ISCO-08 unit group — every occupation sharing the code gets this value
Computed by this site, not published by the ILO: of the 1,012 occupations this site links to the ILO dataset, 48% score at or above this value.
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only| Task | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Position text and art elements from a variety of databases in a visually appealing way to design print or web pages, using knowledge of type styles and size and layout patterns.43-9031 | 0.045334.1 | 0.058658.4 |
Operate desktop publishing software and equipment to design, lay out, and produce camera-ready copy.43-9031 | 0.042932.3 | 0.012012.0 |
Enter text into computer keyboard and select the size and style of type, column width, and appropriate spacing for printed materials.43-9031 | 0.018914.2 | 0.01009.9 |
Edit graphics and photos, using pixel or bitmap editing, airbrushing, masking, or image retouching.43-9031 | 0.00926.9 | 0.010310.3 |
Import text and art elements, such as electronic clip art or electronic files from photographs that have been scanned or produced with a digital camera, using computer software.43-9031 | 0.00755.6 | 0.00626.2 |
Collaborate with graphic artists, editors and writers to produce master copies according to design specifications.43-9031 | 0.00503.8 | —0 |
Convert various types of files for printing or for the Internet, using computer software.43-9031 | 0.00413.1 | 0.00333.3 |
| Not observed on any surface — 11 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Check preliminary and final proofs for errors and make necessary corrections. | —0 | —0 |
View monitors for visual representation of work in progress and for instructions and feedback throughout process, making modifications as necessary. | —0 | —0 |
Store copies of publications on paper, magnetic tape, film or diskette. | —0 | —0 |
Enter digitized data into electronic prepress system computer memory, using scanner, camera, keyboard, or mouse. | —0 | —0 |
Prepare sample layouts for approval, using computer software. | —0 | —0 |
Study layout or other design instructions to determine work to be done and sequence of operations. | —0 | —0 |
Load floppy disks or tapes containing information into system. | —0 | —0 |
Enter data, such as coordinates of images and color specifications, into system to retouch and make color corrections. | —0 | —0 |
Select number of colors and determine color separations. | —0 | —0 |
Transmit, deliver or mail publication master to printer for production into film and plates. | —0 | —0 |
Create special effects such as vignettes, mosaics, and image combining, and add elements such as sound and animation to electronic publications. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Check preliminary and final proofs for errors and make necessary corrections.O*NET Task ID 2815 | 1.0 |
Enter text into computer keyboard and select the size and style of type, column width, and appropriate spacing for printed materials.O*NET Task ID 2818 | 1.0 |
Store copies of publications on paper, magnetic tape, film, or diskette.O*NET Task ID 2819 | 1.0 |
Study layout or other design instructions to determine work to be done and sequence of operations.O*NET Task ID 2825 | 1.0 |
Convert various types of files for printing or for the Internet, using computer software.O*NET Task ID 2827 | 1.0 |
Transmit, deliver, or mail publication master to printer for production into film and plates.O*NET Task ID 2830 | 1.0 |
Operate desktop publishing software and equipment to design, lay out, and produce camera-ready copy.O*NET Task ID 2816 | 0.5 |
View monitors for visual representation of work in progress and for instructions and feedback throughout process, making modifications as necessary.O*NET Task ID 2817 | 0.5 |
Position text and art elements from a variety of databases in a visually appealing way to design print or web pages, using knowledge of type styles and size and layout patterns.O*NET Task ID 2820 | 0.5 |
Enter digitized data into electronic prepress system computer memory, using scanner, camera, keyboard, or mouse.O*NET Task ID 2821 | 0.5 |
Load floppy disks or tapes containing information into system.O*NET Task ID 2826 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page