Geochemists

Life, Physical & Social Sciences

AI exposure

Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.043
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Source dataset
Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.36
0.09Range of values carried here0.70
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
ISCO-08 unit group — every occupation sharing the code gets this value
Computed by this site, not published by the ILO: of the 1,012 occupations this site links to the ILO dataset, 60% score at or above this value.
Source dataset

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Exposed tasks only

Task	Claude.aiRaw / share %	APIRaw / share %
Locate and review research articles or environmental, historical, or technical reports. 19-2042	0.051891.9	0.030795.1
Advise construction firms or government agencies on dam or road construction, foundation design, land use, or resource management. 19-2042	0.00295.1	—0
Communicate geological findings by writing research papers, participating in conferences, or teaching geological science at universities. 19-2042	0.00172.9	—0
Develop applied software for the analysis and interpretation of geological data.	—0	0.00164.9
Not observed on any surface — 27 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states.
Analyze and interpret geological, geochemical, or geophysical information from sources such as survey data, well logs, bore holes, or aerial photos.	—0	—0
Plan or conduct geological, geochemical, or geophysical field studies or surveys, sample collection, or drilling and testing programs used to collect data for research or application.	—0	—0
Investigate the composition, structure, or history of the Earth's crust through the collection, examination, measurement, or classification of soils, minerals, rocks, or fossil remains.	—0	—0
Prepare geological maps, cross-sectional diagrams, charts, or reports concerning mineral extraction, land use, or resource management, using results of fieldwork or laboratory research.	—0	—0
Locate and estimate probable natural gas, oil, or mineral ore deposits or underground water resources, using aerial photographs, charts, or research or survey results.	—0	—0
Assess ground or surface water movement to provide advice regarding issues such as waste management, route and site selection, or the restoration of contaminated sites.	—0	—0
Conduct geological or geophysical studies to provide information for use in regional development, site selection, or development of public works projects.	—0	—0
Measure characteristics of the Earth, such as gravity or magnetic fields, using equipment such as seismographs, gravimeters, torsion balances, or magnetometers.	—0	—0
Analyze and interpret geological data, using computer software.	—0	—0
Identify risks for natural disasters, such as mudslides, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions.	—0	—0
Test industrial diamonds or abrasives, soil, or rocks to determine their geological characteristics, using optical, x-ray, heat, acid, or precision instruments.	—0	—0
Design geological mine maps, monitor mine structural integrity, or advise and monitor mining crews.	—0	—0
Collaborate with medical or health researchers to address health problems related to geological materials or processes.	—0	—0
Determine methods to incorporate geo-methane or methane hydrates into global energy production or evaluate the potential environmental impacts of such incorporation.	—0	—0
Determine ways to mitigate the negative consequences of mineral dust dispersion.	—0	—0
Develop strategies for more environmentally friendly resource extraction and reclamation.	—0	—0
Develop ways to capture or use gases that are currently burned off as waste during oil production processes.	—0	—0
Identify new sources for Platinum Group Elements necessary for industrial uses, such as automotive fuel cells or pollution abatement systems.	—0	—0
Identify possible sites for carbon sequestration projects.	—0	—0
Locate potential sources of geothermal energy.	—0	—0
Provide advice on the safe siting of new nuclear reactor projects or methods of nuclear waste management.	—0	—0
Research geomechanical or geochemical processes to be used in carbon sequestration projects.	—0	—0
Research ways to reduce the ecological footprint of increasingly prevalent megacities.	—0	—0
Review environmental cleanup work plans to determine the effectiveness of the remedial activities for mitigating soil or groundwater contamination.	—0	—0
Study historical climate change indicators found in locations such as ice sheets or rock formations to develop models related to current climate changes.	—0	—0
Inspect construction projects to analyze engineering problems, using test equipment or drilling machinery.	—0	—0
Identify deposits of construction materials suitable for use as concrete aggregates, road fill, or in other applications.	—0	—0

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Communicate geological findings by writing research papers, participating in conferences, or teaching geological science at universities. O*NET Task ID 3712	1.0
Develop applied software for the analysis and interpretation of geological data. O*NET Task ID 3716	1.0
Review environmental, historical, or technical reports and publications for accuracy. O*NET Task ID 21176	1.0
Analyze and interpret geological, geochemical, or geophysical information from sources, such as survey data, well logs, bore holes, or aerial photos. O*NET Task ID 3702	0.5
Prepare geological maps, cross-sectional diagrams, charts, or reports concerning mineral extraction, land use, or resource management, using results of fieldwork or laboratory research. O*NET Task ID 3705	0.5
Locate and estimate probable natural gas, oil, or mineral ore deposits or underground water resources, using aerial photographs, charts, or research or survey results. O*NET Task ID 3706	0.5
Assess ground or surface water movement to provide advice on issues, such as waste management, route and site selection, or the restoration of contaminated sites. O*NET Task ID 3707	0.5
Conduct geological or geophysical studies to provide information for use in regional development, site selection, or development of public works projects. O*NET Task ID 3709	0.5
Advise construction firms or government agencies on dam or road construction, foundation design, land use, or resource management. O*NET Task ID 3711	0.5
Analyze and interpret geological data, using computer software. O*NET Task ID 15224	0.5
Design geological mine maps, monitor mine structural integrity, or advise and monitor mining crews. O*NET Task ID 15226	0.5
Collaborate with medical or health researchers to address health problems related to geological materials or processes. O*NET Task ID 19760	0.5
Determine methods to incorporate geomethane or methane hydrates into global energy production or evaluate the potential environmental impacts of such incorporation. O*NET Task ID 19761	0.5
Determine ways to mitigate the negative consequences of mineral dust dispersion. O*NET Task ID 19762	0.5
Develop strategies for more environmentally friendly resource extraction and reclamation. O*NET Task ID 19763	0.5
Develop ways to capture or use gases burned off as waste during oil production processes. O*NET Task ID 19764	0.5
Identify new sources of platinum group elements for industrial applications, such as automotive fuel cells or pollution abatement systems. O*NET Task ID 19765	0.5
Identify possible sites for carbon sequestration projects. O*NET Task ID 19766	0.5
Locate potential sources of geothermal energy. O*NET Task ID 19767	0.5
Provide advice on the safe siting of new nuclear reactor projects or methods of nuclear waste management. O*NET Task ID 19768	0.5
Research geomechanical or geochemical processes to be used in carbon sequestration projects. O*NET Task ID 19769	0.5
Research ways to reduce the ecological footprint of increasingly prevalent megacities. O*NET Task ID 19770	0.5
Review work plans to determine the effectiveness of activities for mitigating soil or groundwater contamination. O*NET Task ID 19771	0.5
Study historical climate change indicators found in locations, such as ice sheets or rock formations to develop climate change models. O*NET Task ID 19772	0.5
Locate and review research articles or environmental, historical, or technical reports. O*NET Task ID 20390	0.5
Identify risks for natural disasters, such as mudslides, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions. O*NET Task ID 20391	0.5
Identify deposits of construction materials suitable for use as concrete aggregates, road fill, or other applications. O*NET Task ID 20393	0.5
Show 17 more tasks ▾Show less ▴
Plan or conduct geological, geochemical, or geophysical field studies or surveys, sample collection, or drilling and testing programs used to collect data for research or application. O*NET Task ID 3703	0.0
Investigate the composition, structure, or history of the Earth's crust through the collection, examination, measurement, or classification of soils, minerals, rocks, or fossil remains. O*NET Task ID 3704	0.0
Measure characteristics of the Earth, such as gravity or magnetic fields, using equipment such as seismographs, gravimeters, torsion balances, or magnetometers. O*NET Task ID 3713	0.0
Test industrial diamonds or abrasives, soil, or rocks to determine their geological characteristics, using optical, x-ray, heat, acid, or precision instruments. O*NET Task ID 3714	0.0
Inspect construction projects to analyze engineering problems, using test equipment or drilling machinery. O*NET Task ID 20392	0.0

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

Occupation information

ILO

ILO occupational description

Geologists and geophysicists

Geologists and geophysicists conduct research; improve or develop concepts, theories and operational methods, or apply scientific knowledge relating to geology and geophysics in such fields as oil, gas and mineral exploration and extraction, water conservation, civil engineering, telecommunications and navigation, and assessment and mitigation of the effects of development and waste disposal projects on the environment.

Tasks

(a) conducting research and improving or developing concepts, theories and operational methods related to geology and geophysics;
(b) studying composition and structure of the Earth's crust, examining rocks, minerals, fossils and other materials to determine processes affecting the development of the Earth, trace evolution of past life, establish nature and chronology of geological formations and assess their commercial applications;
(c) interpreting research data and preparing geological reports, maps, charts and diagrams, reports and papers;
(d) applying geological knowledge to problems encountered in civil engineering projects such as the construction of dams, bridges, tunnels, and large buildings; and land reclamation projects;
(e) using various remote sensing programmes to investigate and measure seismic, gravitational, electrical, thermal, and magnetic forces affecting the Earth;
(f) estimating weight, size and mass of the Earth and composition and structure of its interior, and studying the nature, activity and predictability of volcanoes, glaciers and earthquakes;
(g) charting the Earth's magnetic field and applying this and other collected data for broadcasting, navigation and other purposes;
(h) studying and measuring physical properties of seas and the atmosphere and their inter-relationship, such as the exchange of thermal energy;
(i) locating and determining the nature and extent of oil, gas and mineral deposits using seismological, gravimetric, magnetic, electrical or radiometric methods;
(j) identifying deposits of construction materials and determining their characteristics and suitability for use as concrete aggregates, road fill or for other applications;
(k) researching the movement, distribution and physical properties of ground and surface waters;
(l) advising in areas such as waste management, route and site selection and the restoration of contaminated sites.

Example occupations

Geological oceanographer · Geologist · Geophysical oceanographer · Geophysicist · Geoscientist

ISCO-08 2114

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

mine geologistESCO 2114.1.6
Mine geologists locate, identify, quantify and classify mineral resources and their geological characteristics and structure. They provide advice to mine managers and engineers at existing and prospective mineral operations.
oceanographerESCO 2114.1.8
Oceanographers study and perform research on matters related to the sea and oceans. Oceanographers divide their expertise in four main branches of research which are physical oceanographers whose research focus on waves and tides, chemical oceanographers whose study address the chemical constitution of sea waters, marine biologists whose focal point is the study of living organisms, ecosystems and their interaction underwater, and geological oceanographer whose research refers to the bottom of seas and their plaques.
hydrologistESCO 2114.1.5
Hydrologists research and study the quality, current challenges, and distribution of water in the Earth. They study water supply from rivers, streams, and springs to determine their adequate and sustainable use. Together with a cross functional team of professionals, they plan and develop how water can be supplied to cities and urban areas while ensuring efficiency and resource conservation.
hydrogeologistESCO 2114.1.4
Hydrogeologists in mining study the distribution, quality and flow of water in order to keep mine workings free of nuisance water and to ensure an adequate supply of process water. They supply and evaluate information which will protect ground and surface water from contamination.
palaeontologistESCO 2114.1.9
Palaeontologists research and analyse forms of life that existed in ancient eras of the planet Earth. They strive to define the evolutionary path and the interaction with different geological areas of all kinds of once organisms and such plants, pollen and spores, invertebrate and vertebrate animals, humans, traces such as footprints, and ecology and climate.
mineralogistESCO 2114.3
Mineralogists study the composition, structure and other physical aspects of the earth. They analyse various minerals and use scientific equipment to determine their structure and properties. Their work mostly focuses on the classification and identification of minerals by taking samples and performing further tests, analysis and examinations.
environmental geologistESCO 2114.1.1
Environmental geologists study how mineral operations may impact the composition and physical characteristics of the earth and its resources. They provide advice on issues such as land reclamation and environmental pollution.
geophysicistESCO 2114.2
Geophysicists study the physical characteristics of the earth and apply physical measurements to geological situations. Geophysicists use the principles of gravity, seismicity and electromagnetics to identify the structure and composition of the earth.
exploration geologistESCO 2114.1.2
Exploration geologists examine and prospect for mineral deposits. They identify, define and obtain legal title to an economically viable mineral deposit. They are responsible for design, management and execution of the exploration programme.
seismologistESCO 2114.1.10
Seismologists study the movement of tectonic plaques in the Earth which causes the propagation of seismic waves and earthquakes. They study and observe the various sources causing earthquakes such as volcanic activity, atmospheric phenomena, or the behaviour of oceans. They provide their scientific observations to prevent dangers in construction and infrastructure.
geologistESCO 2114.1
Geologists research the materials that form the earth. Their observations depend on the purpose of the research. Depending on their specialisation, geologists study how the Earth has been shaped over time, its geological layers, the quality of minerals for mining purposes, earthquakes and volcanic activity for private services, and similar phenomena.
geochemistESCO 2114.1.3
Geochemists study the characteristics and chemical elements in minerals, rocks and soils, and how they interact with hydrological systems. They coordinate the collection of samples and indicate the suite of metals to be analysed.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

KEIS2025

Shown in the original Korean. This dataset is published under KOGL Type 4, which prohibits derivative works including translation, so the text is reproduced unaltered.

자연과학 시험원KNOW K000000825
Job outlook: 증가(0%) 현상유지(40%) 감소(60%)
Wages (10,000 KRW): lower(25%) 3.95K average(50%) 4.75K upper(25%) 5.5K
minacross 461 KNOW occupationsmax
Job satisfaction: 70
minacross 461 KNOW occupationsmax
Details
Duties
- -표본을 수집하고 실험, 검사 및 분석용 재료와 장비를 준비한다.
- -실험, 검사 및 분석을 보조하거나 직접 수행한다.
- - 프로젝트에 필요한 재료 등의 세부 견적서를 주어진 명세서에 따라 작성하여 준비한다.
- -프로젝트에 필요한 재료 및 인력의 양과 배용의 세부 견적서를 작성한다.
- -실험용 재료와 장비를 준비하고, 실험기구 및 장비를 설치 조작하여 실험을 보조한다.
- -물질을 구성하고 있는 성분의 종류와 조성비 분석 등의 검사 및 분석업무를 보조하거나 자연과학자의 지시하에 직접 실험을 수행하기도 한다.
- -실험이 끝나면 사용한 실험기구 및 장비를 정리하고, 유지·관리한다.
- -공학적 계산을 하며, 각종 도표 및 보고서를 작성한다.
- -연구과정에서 야기되는 문제들을 확인하고, 이를 해결하기 위하여 기술적인 지식을 응용한다.
See details on KNOW (Korea Employment Information Service) (external site)
Work abilities
수리력(96) · 품질관리분석(94) · 장비 선정(93) · 추리력(91) · 조작 및 통제(90)
Knowledge
화학(92) · 물리(81) · 영어(77) · 사무(70) · 생물(70)
Work environment
위험한 상태 노출(93) · 정확성, 정밀성 유지(92) · 반복적인 신체행동, 정신적 활동(91) · 마감시간(85) · 이메일 이용하기(85)

The KNOW occupations and KECO codes listed here were linked to this page's occupation by this site; this is not a correspondence defined by the Korea Employment Information Service or the Ministry of Employment and Labor.