Painters, Construction and Maintenance
Construction, Maintenance & RepairAI exposure
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.13
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
ISCO-08 unit group — every occupation sharing the code gets this value
Computed by this site, not published by the ILO: of the 1,012 occupations this site links to the ILO dataset, 97% score at or above this value.
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks onlyValues in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Calculate amounts of required materials and estimate costs, based on surface measurements or work orders.O*NET Task ID 11515 | 1.0 |
Cover surfaces with dropcloths or masking tape and paper to protect surfaces during painting.O*NET Task ID 11511 | 0.0 |
Fill cracks, holes, or joints with caulk, putty, plaster, or other fillers, using caulking guns or putty knives.O*NET Task ID 11512 | 0.0 |
Apply primers or sealers to prepare new surfaces, such as bare wood or metal, for finish coats.O*NET Task ID 11513 | 0.0 |
Apply paint, stain, varnish, enamel, or other finishes to equipment, buildings, bridges, or other structures, using brushes, spray guns, or rollers.O*NET Task ID 11514 | 0.0 |
Read work orders or receive instructions from supervisors or homeowners to determine work requirements.O*NET Task ID 11516 | 0.0 |
Erect scaffolding or swing gates, or set up ladders, to work above ground level.O*NET Task ID 11517 | 0.0 |
Remove fixtures such as pictures, door knobs, lamps, or electric switch covers prior to painting.O*NET Task ID 11518 | 0.0 |
Wash and treat surfaces with oil, turpentine, mildew remover, or other preparations, and sand rough spots to ensure that finishes will adhere properly.O*NET Task ID 11519 | 0.0 |
Mix and match colors of paint, stain, or varnish with oil or thinning and drying additives to obtain desired colors and consistencies.O*NET Task ID 11520 | 0.0 |
Remove old finishes by stripping, sanding, wire brushing, burning, or using water or abrasive blasting.O*NET Task ID 11521 | 0.0 |
Select and purchase tools or finishes for surfaces to be covered, considering durability, ease of handling, methods of application, and customers' wishes.O*NET Task ID 11522 | 0.0 |
Smooth surfaces, using sandpaper, scrapers, brushes, steel wool, or sanding machines.O*NET Task ID 11523 | 0.0 |
Polish final coats to specified finishes.O*NET Task ID 11524 | 0.0 |
Use special finishing techniques such as sponging, ragging, layering, or faux finishing.O*NET Task ID 11525 | 0.0 |
Waterproof buildings, using waterproofers or caulking.O*NET Task ID 11526 | 0.0 |
Cut stencils and brush or spray lettering or decorations on surfaces.O*NET Task ID 11527 | 0.0 |
Spray or brush hot plastics or pitch onto surfaces.O*NET Task ID 11528 | 0.0 |
Bake finishes on painted or enameled articles, using baking ovens.O*NET Task ID 11529 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page