Parking Enforcement Workers
Protective ServiceAI exposure
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.20
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
ISCO-08 unit group — every occupation sharing the code gets this value
Computed by this site, not published by the ILO: of the 1,012 occupations this site links to the ILO dataset, 86% score at or above this value.
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks onlyValues in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Respond to and make radio dispatch calls regarding parking violations and complaints.O*NET Task ID 7939 | 1.0 |
Enter and retrieve information pertaining to vehicle registration, identification, and status, using hand-held computers.O*NET Task ID 7951 | 1.0 |
Prepare and maintain required records, including logs of parking enforcement activities, and records of contested citations.O*NET Task ID 7953 | 1.0 |
Assign and review the work of subordinates.O*NET Task ID 7956 | 1.0 |
Write warnings and citations for illegally parked vehicles.O*NET Task ID 7937 | 0.5 |
Identify vehicles in violation of parking codes, checking with dispatchers when necessary to confirm identities or to determine whether vehicles need to be booted or towed.O*NET Task ID 7941 | 0.5 |
Observe and report hazardous conditions, such as missing traffic signals or signs, and street markings that need to be repainted.O*NET Task ID 7943 | 0.5 |
Investigate and answer complaints regarding contested parking citations, determining their validity and routing them appropriately.O*NET Task ID 7944 | 0.5 |
Provide information to the public regarding parking regulations and facilities, and the location of streets, buildings and points of interest.O*NET Task ID 7946 | 0.5 |
Locate lost, stolen, and counterfeit parking permits, and take necessary enforcement action.O*NET Task ID 7954 | 0.5 |
Patrol an assigned area by vehicle or on foot to ensure public compliance with existing parking ordinance.O*NET Task ID 7935 | 0.0 |
Maintain close communications with dispatching personnel, using two-way radios or cell phones.O*NET Task ID 7936 | 0.0 |
Mark tires of parked vehicles with chalk and record time of marking, and return at regular intervals to ensure that parking time limits are not exceeded.O*NET Task ID 7938 | 0.0 |
Train new or temporary staff.O*NET Task ID 7940 | 0.0 |
Perform simple vehicle maintenance procedures, such as checking oil and gas, and report mechanical problems to supervisors.O*NET Task ID 7942 | 0.0 |
Maintain assigned equipment and supplies, such as hand-held citation computers, citation books, rain gear, tire-marking chalk, and street cones.O*NET Task ID 7945 | 0.0 |
Appear in court at hearings regarding contested traffic citations.O*NET Task ID 7947 | 0.0 |
Make arrangements for illegally parked or abandoned vehicles to be towed, and direct tow-truck drivers to the correct vehicles.O*NET Task ID 7948 | 0.0 |
Perform traffic control duties such as setting up barricades and temporary signs, placing bags on parking meters to limit their use, or directing traffic.O*NET Task ID 7949 | 0.0 |
Provide assistance to motorists needing help with problems, such as flat tires, keys locked in cars, or dead batteries.O*NET Task ID 7950 | 0.0 |
Collect coins deposited in meters.O*NET Task ID 7952 | 0.0 |
Wind parking meter clocks.O*NET Task ID 7955 | 0.0 |
Remove handbills within patrol areas.O*NET Task ID 7957 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page