Sommeliers
Food Preparation & ServiceAI exposure
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Moderate· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.28
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
ISCO-08 unit group — every occupation sharing the code gets this value
Computed by this site, not published by the ILO: of the 1,012 occupations this site links to the ILO dataset, 73% score at or above this value.
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks onlyValues in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Write patrons' food orders on order slips, memorize orders, or enter orders into computers for transmittal to kitchen staff.O*NET Task ID 2277 | 1.0 |
Explain how various menu items are prepared, describing ingredients and cooking methods.O*NET Task ID 2287 | 1.0 |
Prepare checks that itemize and total meal costs and sales taxes.O*NET Task ID 2281 | 0.5 |
Present menus to patrons and answer questions about menu items, making recommendations upon request.O*NET Task ID 2283 | 0.5 |
Inform customers of daily specials.O*NET Task ID 2284 | 0.5 |
Describe and recommend wines to customers.O*NET Task ID 2294 | 0.5 |
Provide guests with information about local areas, including directions.O*NET Task ID 18748 | 0.5 |
Check patrons' identification to ensure that they meet minimum age requirements for consumption of alcoholic beverages.O*NET Task ID 2275 | 0.0 |
Collect payments from customers.O*NET Task ID 2276 | 0.0 |
Take orders from patrons for food or beverages.O*NET Task ID 2278 | 0.0 |
Check with customers to ensure that they are enjoying their meals, and take action to correct any problems.O*NET Task ID 2279 | 0.0 |
Serve food or beverages to patrons, and prepare or serve specialty dishes at tables as required.O*NET Task ID 2280 | 0.0 |
Clean tables or counters after patrons have finished dining.O*NET Task ID 2285 | 0.0 |
Prepare hot, cold, and mixed drinks for patrons, and chill bottles of wine.O*NET Task ID 2286 | 0.0 |
Prepare tables for meals, including setting up items such as linens, silverware, and glassware.O*NET Task ID 2288 | 0.0 |
Perform food preparation duties, such as preparing salads, appetizers, and cold dishes, portioning desserts, and brewing coffee.O*NET Task ID 2289 | 0.0 |
Stock service areas with supplies such as coffee, food, tableware, and linens.O*NET Task ID 2290 | 0.0 |
Garnish and decorate dishes in preparation for serving.O*NET Task ID 2291 | 0.0 |
Fill salt, pepper, sugar, cream, condiment, and napkin containers.O*NET Task ID 2292 | 0.0 |
Escort customers to their tables.O*NET Task ID 2293 | 0.0 |
Bring wine selections to tables with appropriate glasses, and pour the wines for customers.O*NET Task ID 2295 | 0.0 |
Roll silverware, set up food stations, or set up dining areas to prepare for the next shift or for large parties.O*NET Task ID 18744 | 0.0 |
Remove dishes and glasses from tables or counters, and take them to kitchen for cleaning.O*NET Task ID 18745 | 0.0 |
Assist host or hostess by answering phones to take reservations or to-go orders, and by greeting, seating, and thanking guests.O*NET Task ID 18746 | 0.0 |
Perform cleaning duties, such as sweeping and mopping floors, vacuuming carpet, tidying up server station, taking out trash, or checking and cleaning bathroom.O*NET Task ID 18747 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page