Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers

Transportation & Material Moving

AI exposure

Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Source dataset
Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.14
0.09Range of values carried here0.70
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
ISCO-08 unit group — every occupation sharing the code gets this value
Computed by this site, not published by the ILO: of the 1,012 occupations this site links to the ILO dataset, 95% score at or above this value.
Source dataset

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Exposed tasks only

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Record numbers of units handled or moved, using daily production sheets or work tickets. O*NET Task ID 10780	1.0
Attach identifying tags to containers or mark them with identifying information. O*NET Task ID 10778	0.0
Read work orders or receive oral instructions to determine work assignments or material or equipment needs. O*NET Task ID 10779	0.0
Move freight, stock, or other materials to and from storage or production areas, loading docks, delivery vehicles, ships, or containers, by hand or using trucks, tractors, or other equipment. O*NET Task ID 10781	0.0
Sort cargo before loading and unloading. O*NET Task ID 10782	0.0
Pack containers and re-pack damaged containers. O*NET Task ID 10786	0.0
Carry needed tools or supplies from storage or trucks and return them after use. O*NET Task ID 10787	0.0
Install protective devices, such as bracing, padding, or strapping, to prevent shifting or damage to items being transported. O*NET Task ID 10788	0.0
Maintain equipment storage areas to ensure that inventory is protected. O*NET Task ID 10789	0.0
Attach slings, hooks, or other devices to lift cargo and guide loads. O*NET Task ID 10790	0.0
Carry out general yard duties, such as performing shunting on railway lines. O*NET Task ID 10791	0.0
Adjust controls to guide, position, or move equipment, such as cranes, booms, or cameras. O*NET Task ID 10792	0.0
Guide loads being lifted to prevent swinging. O*NET Task ID 10793	0.0
Adjust or replace equipment parts, such as rollers, belts, plugs, or caps, using hand tools. O*NET Task ID 10794	0.0
Stack cargo in locations, such as transit sheds or in holds of ships as directed, using pallets or cargo boards. O*NET Task ID 10795	0.0
Connect electrical equipment to power sources so that it can be tested before use. O*NET Task ID 10796	0.0
Bundle and band material such as fodder or tobacco leaves, using banding machines. O*NET Task ID 10798	0.0
Rig or dismantle props or equipment, such as frames, scaffolding, platforms, or backdrops, using hand tools. O*NET Task ID 10799	0.0
Direct spouts and position receptacles, such as bins, carts, or containers, so they can be loaded. O*NET Task ID 10801	0.0
Wash out cargo containers or storage areas. O*NET Task ID 10804	0.0
Shovel material, such as gravel, ice, or spilled concrete, into containers or bins or onto conveyors. O*NET Task ID 10806	0.0

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

Occupation information

ILO

ESCO occupational vocabulary

airport baggage handlerESCO 9333.1
Airport baggage handlers receive and return the luggage of passengers at airport terminals. They prepare and attach baggage claim checks, stack baggage on carts or conveyors and may return baggage to patrons on receipt of claim check.
materials handlerESCO 9333.3
Materials handlers execute the handling and storage of materials through activities such as loading, unloading and moving articles in a warehouse or storage room. They work according to orders to inspect materials and provide documentation for the handling of items. Materials handlers also manage inventory and ensure the safe disposal of waste.
rail intermodal equipment operatorESCO 9333.5
Rail intermodal equipment operators assist in the loading of trailers and containers on and off railcars and chassis. They manoeuvre tractor-trailer combinations around tight corners and in and out of parking spaces. They use an on-board computer peripheral to communicate with yard management computer system and to identify railcars.
stevedoreESCO 9333.6
Stevedores sort, handle, load and unload freight into over-the-road equipment in accordance with oral and written instructions, as well as state regulations. They move freight such as boxes, bulky items, or even large pallets of goods to and from storage areas and onto transport vehicles.
warehouse workerESCO 9333.8
Warehouse workers execute the accurate handling, packing and storage of materials in a warehouse. They receive goods, label them, check quality, store the goods and document any damage. Warehouse workers also monitor stock levels of items, keep inventory and ship goods.
moverESCO 9333.4
Movers are responsible for the physical handling of goods and belongings to be relocated or transported from one place to the other. They disassemble goods, machinery or belongings for transporting and assemble or install them in the new location. They ensure that objects are well protected and packed, secured and placed correctly in trucks and transports.
warehouse order pickerESCO 9333.8.1
Warehouse order pickers prepare orders manually. They pick up orders and bring them to the delivery platform for processing, or in the trade sector to allow customers to pick them up. They are expected to complete orders for shipment, keeping in mind the quantity and type of goods specified and meeting quality criteria established by the company. They also assemble various types of merchandise for shipment and transport orders to shipping locations as specified by a supervisor. They typically stack bundled articles on pallet by hand, are responsible for wrapping articles on the pallet to secure them while moving, and for ensuring the integrity of the pallet.
stevedore superintendentESCO 9333.7
Stevedore superintendents supervise and monitor the freight handling and longshore labor in a dockyard to maximise productivity. They manage the loading and unloading of cargo and monitor the safety of the work area. Stevedore superintendents may also investigate incidents and prepare accident reports.
distribution centre dispatcherESCO 9333.2
Distribution centre dispatchers ensure efficient shipping of manufactured goods. They stipulate routes and complete shipping documents.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

KEIS2025

Shown in the original Korean. This dataset is published under KOGL Type 4, which prohibits derivative works including translation, so the text is reproduced unaltered.

선박갑판원KNOW K000000884
Job outlook: 증가(7%) 현상유지(60%) 감소(33%)
Wages (10,000 KRW): lower(25%) 3.5K average(50%) 4.0K upper(25%) 4.55K
minacross 461 KNOW occupationsmax
Job satisfaction: 65.9
minacross 461 KNOW occupationsmax
Details
Duties
- -갑판정비계획서, 선체도면, 기기매뉴얼, 선급규칙, 선박정비 관련 매뉴얼, 예방정비 항목 등을 식별하고 정비계획을 수립하며 작업결과를 정비문서에 기록하여 관리한다.
- -갑판 작업의 위험요소(고소, 중량물, 화재, 폭발, 질식, 중독, 선외추락, 감전, 작동중인 기기, 선체보건 등)을 확인하고 안전작업표준, 보호장구, 안전표시, 방호장치, 가스검지기 등 안전조치를 취한다.
- -선체의 부식을 예방하기 위해 부식방지 도료, 페인트 및 그리스 매뉴얼, 고압 세척장비, 블라스팅(blasting, 표면에 모래, 강(鋼) 쇼트, 그릿, 모래나 규석 입자 등의 연마재를 첨가한 물 등을 압축 공기 또는 기타의 방법으로 강력하게 분사하여 스케일, 녹, 도막(塗膜) 등을 제거) 장비, 도장용 스프레이, 그리싱펌프, 선박 도장 정비표 등 각종 장비를 사용하여 도장 및 그리싱한다.
- -선박의 화물창, 화물창 외 구획, 개구부의 출입구 상태, 진입 사다리 상태, 손상 및 균열상태, 수밀상태, 패킹, 파이프라인, 페인팅 상태, 외판 부식 상태, 누유상태 등을 점검하고 관리한다.
- -묘박장비(anchor, 앵커), 계류장비(일정한 곳을 벗어나지 못하도록 밧줄 같은 것으로 붙잡아 매어 놓는 장비), 승정용 장비 등 계선장비(선박을 육지에 매어 두는 장비)를 점검하고 관리한다.
- -해치커버, 하역기기 및 평형수 설비 등 하역장비를 점검하고 관리한다.
- -개인구명장구, 구명정, 구명 뗏목, 구조정 등 구명장구 및 설비를 점검하고 관리한다.
- -휴대용 소화장비, 고정식 소화설비, 소화장치, 화재탐지장치 등 화재설비 및 장치를 점검하고 관리한다.
- -갑판관리에 필요한 자재를 신청하고 검수, 보관, 관리한다.
- -갑판에 설치된 각종 시설물을 취급·운영하고 화물 상하역 등 갑판 업무를 수행한다.
See details on KNOW (Korea Employment Information Service) (external site)
Work abilities
신체적 강인성(93) · 유연성 및 균형(88) · 움직임 통제(85) · 장비의 유지(84) · 반응시간과 속도(82)
Knowledge
운송(98) · 지리(98) · 기계(93) · 물리(91) · 컴퓨터와 전자공학(79)
Work environment
걷거나 뛰기(99) · 주말 및 공휴일 근무(99) · 움직이는 기계(99) · 균형을 유지하기(98) · 보호장비 착용(98)
Related occupations
하역 및 적재 종사원
하역 및 적재 종사원KNOW K000000954
Job outlook: 증가(0%) 현상유지(47%) 감소(52%)
Wages (10,000 KRW): lower(25%) 3.475K average(50%) 3.7K upper(25%) 4.125K
minacross 461 KNOW occupationsmax
Job satisfaction: 59.5
minacross 461 KNOW occupationsmax
Details
Duties
- [하역원]
- -작업지시서나 하역반장의 지시에 따라 작업방법 및 절차를 숙지한다.
- -필요한 장비 및 도구를 사용하여 화물을 부두, 선박, 항공기, 열차 및 화물차 등에 운반하여 적재하거나 하역한다.
- -적재한 화물이 파손되지 않도록 로프를 사용하여 고정한다.
- -화물을 분류하고 정리하기도 한다.
- [적재원]
- -적재시킬 제품의 종류, 형상, 크기 등에 따라 적재 방법 및 절차를 결정한다.
- -적재하는데 필요한 수동도구를 준비한다.
- -적재장소의 바닥을 고르거나 나무 등을 놓는다.
- -손으로 들거나 운반도구를 이용하여 물품을 운반하고 균형을 잡으며 적재한다.
- -적재량을 작업일지에 기록한다.
- -자연재해로부터 적재품을 보호하기 위하여 방호조치를 하기도 한다.
See details on KNOW (Korea Employment Information Service) (external site)
Work abilities
유연성 및 균형(96) · 움직임 통제(96) · 반응시간과 속도(96) · 신체적 강인성(96) · 공간지각력(87)
Knowledge
운송(93) · 기계(68) · 지리(62) · 통신(55) · 안전과 보안(52)
Work environment
매우 춥거나 더운 기온(99) · 몸을 구부리거나 비틀기(98) · 극단적으로 밝거나 부적절한 조명(97) · 균형을 유지하기(96) · 오염물질 노출(96)
Related occupations
선박갑판원

The KNOW occupations and KECO codes listed here were linked to this page's occupation by this site; this is not a correspondence defined by the Korea Employment Information Service or the Ministry of Employment and Labor.

AI exposure

Task-level exposure

Occupation information

ILO occupational description

ESCO occupational vocabulary