General and Operations Managers
Management Occupations- O*NET-SOC 代码
- 11-1021.00
Plan, direct, or coordinate the operations of public or private sector organizations, overseeing multiple departments or locations. Duties and responsibilities include formulating policies, managing daily operations, and planning the use of materials and human resources, but are too diverse and general in nature to be classified in any one functional area of management or administration, such as personnel, purchasing, or administrative services. Usually manage through subordinate supervisors. Excludes First-Line Supervisors.
- 数据来源: BLS发布时间: 2026-08
高· 相对
低四级相对区间很高职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
四级相对类别（低 / 中等 / 高 / 很高）
以BLS就业预测表中831个细分职业为基数。取值按 NEM（全国就业矩阵）代码给定，因此共用同一 NEM 代码的职业得到相同分档
- 数据来源: Anthropic发布时间: 2026-03
0.138
0.000此处所载数值的范围0.745尺度 · 母数 · 来源
- 数据来源: ILO发布时间: 2025
0.34–0.47· ISCO-08 职业组 7 个
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
生成式AI暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1
按 ISCO-08 细类（4 位）发布的数值。按原样应用美国劳工统计局（BLS）的官方对照表（ISCO-08→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→2018 SOC）关联到本职业，对应关系为全部或部分对应
该来源发布的是什么性质的数值
BLS的类别是相对排位而非绝对水平，也不是一手测量：它把多项已发表研究给出的职业百分位排名归并为四个等级。它不是就业或工资预测，不是采用概率，也不区分自动化与增强。
各关联 ISCO-08 职业组的 ILO 数值
- ISCO-08 1112Senior Government Officials0.38
- ISCO-08 1114Senior Officials of Special-interest Organizations0.37
- ISCO-08 1120Managing Directors and Chief Executives0.38
- ISCO-08 1343Aged Care Service Managers0.34
- ISCO-08 1346Financial and Insurance Services Branch managers0.47
- ISCO-08 1420Retail and Wholesale Trade Managers0.44
- ISCO-08 5221Shopkeepers0.43
Task-level exposure
仅显示有暴露的工作已评分任务 17 项 · β ≥ 0.5 的任务 16 项（94.1%）
β = 直接暴露（E1）+ 0.5 × 借助工具时的暴露（E2），依据原始代码库的定义。
- 原始单位：O*NET 27.2 任务 → O*NET 31.0 职业代码
- 所有已评分任务均在 O*NET 31.0 任务列表中。
- 来源
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- 版本
- gh-main-0471612
- 许可
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Review financial statements, sales or activity reports, or other performance data to measure productivity or goal achievement or to identify areas needing cost reduction or program improvement.11-1021.00 | 0.107986.8 |
Set prices or credit terms for goods or services based on forecasts of customer demand.11-1021.00 | 0.00877.0 |
Plan store layouts or design displays.11-1021.00 | 0.00463.7 |
Develop or implement product-marketing strategies, including advertising campaigns or sales promotions.11-1021.00 | 0.00312.5 |
| Not observed on any surface — 13 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | |
Direct and coordinate activities of businesses or departments concerned with the production, pricing, sales, or distribution of products. | —0 |
Direct administrative activities directly related to making products or providing services. | —0 |
Prepare staff work schedules and assign specific duties. | —0 |
Monitor suppliers to ensure that they efficiently and effectively provide needed goods or services within budgetary limits. | —0 |
Direct or coordinate financial or budget activities to fund operations, maximize investments, or increase efficiency. | —0 |
Establish or implement departmental policies, goals, objectives, or procedures in conjunction with board members, organization officials, or staff members. | —0 |
Perform personnel functions such as selection, training, or evaluation. | —0 |
Plan or direct activities such as sales promotions that require coordination with other department managers. | —0 |
Perform sales floor work, such as greeting or assisting customers, stocking shelves, or taking inventory. | —0 |
Direct non-merchandising departments of businesses, such as advertising or purchasing. | —0 |
Recommend locations for new facilities or oversee the remodeling or renovating of current facilities. | —0 |
Implement or oversee environmental management or sustainability programs addressing issues such as recycling, conservation, or waste management. | —0 |
Manage the movement of goods into and out of production facilities to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, or sustainability of operations. | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Direct and coordinate activities of businesses or departments concerned with the production, pricing, sales, or distribution of products.O*NET Task ID 933 | 0.5 |
Develop or implement product-marketing strategies, including advertising campaigns or sales promotions.O*NET Task ID 945 | 0.5 |
Direct non-merchandising departments of businesses, such as advertising or purchasing.O*NET Task ID 947 | 0.5 |
Recommend locations for new facilities, or oversee the remodeling or renovating of current facilities.O*NET Task ID 948 | 0.5 |
Plan store layouts or design displays.O*NET Task ID 949 | 0.5 |
Implement or oversee environmental management or sustainability programs addressing issues such as recycling, conservation, or waste management.O*NET Task ID 19501 | 0.5 |
Review financial statements, sales or activity reports, or other performance data to measure productivity or goal achievement or to identify areas needing cost reduction or program improvement.O*NET Task ID 20699 | 0.5 |
Direct administrative activities directly related to making products or providing services.O*NET Task ID 20700 | 0.5 |
Prepare staff work schedules and assign specific duties.O*NET Task ID 20701 | 0.5 |
Monitor suppliers to ensure that they efficiently and effectively provide needed goods or services within budgetary limits.O*NET Task ID 20702 | 0.5 |
Direct or coordinate financial or budget activities to fund operations, maximize investments, or increase efficiency.O*NET Task ID 20703 | 0.5 |
Establish or implement departmental policies, goals, objectives, or procedures in conjunction with board members, organization officials, or staff members.O*NET Task ID 20704 | 0.5 |
Perform personnel functions, such as selection, training, or evaluation.O*NET Task ID 20705 | 0.5 |
Plan or direct activities, such as sales promotions, that require coordination with other department managers.O*NET Task ID 20706 | 0.5 |
Set prices or credit terms for goods or services, based on forecasts of customer demand.O*NET Task ID 20707 | 0.5 |
Manage the movement of goods into and out of production facilities to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, or sustainability of operations.O*NET Task ID 20708 | 0.5 |
Perform sales floor work, such as greeting or assisting customers, stocking shelves, or taking inventory.O*NET Task ID 944 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
O*NET 31.0 全部任务（17 项）
本职业在 O*NET 31.0 中的全部任务（英文原文；任务类型为核心或补充）。暴露值不列在此清单中，而在上方表格里，位于各来源所用 O*NET 版本的任务表述旁。
| 任务（O*NET 31.0） | 类型 |
|---|---|
| Direct and coordinate activities of businesses or departments concerned with the production, pricing, sales, or distribution of products. | 核心 |
| Review financial statements, sales or activity reports, or other performance data to measure productivity or goal achievement or to identify areas needing cost reduction or program improvement. | 核心 |
| Direct administrative activities directly related to making products or providing services. | 核心 |
| Prepare staff work schedules and assign specific duties. | 核心 |
| Monitor suppliers to ensure that they efficiently and effectively provide needed goods or services within budgetary limits. | 核心 |
| Direct or coordinate financial or budget activities to fund operations, maximize investments, or increase efficiency. | 核心 |
| Establish or implement departmental policies, goals, objectives, or procedures in conjunction with board members, organization officials, or staff members. | 核心 |
| Perform personnel functions, such as selection, training, or evaluation. | 核心 |
| Plan or direct activities, such as sales promotions, that require coordination with other department managers. | 核心 |
| Perform sales floor work, such as greeting or assisting customers, stocking shelves, or taking inventory. | 补充 |
| Develop or implement product-marketing strategies, including advertising campaigns or sales promotions. | 补充 |
| Direct non-merchandising departments of businesses, such as advertising or purchasing. | 补充 |
| Recommend locations for new facilities, or oversee the remodeling or renovating of current facilities. | 补充 |
| Plan store layouts or design displays. | 补充 |
| Implement or oversee environmental management or sustainability programs addressing issues such as recycling, conservation, or waste management. | 补充 |
| Set prices or credit terms for goods or services, based on forecasts of customer demand. | 补充 |
| Manage the movement of goods into and out of production facilities to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, or sustainability of operations. | 补充 |
0.03/ 3· 机器人暴露指数
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
对每项体力任务，按已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人能够完成它的环境评定 0–3 级（0 不可 · 1 围栏式机器单元、灌装线等机器人专用设施 · 2 医院药房、集装箱港口等受管理的设施 · 3 私人住宅、建筑工地等非结构化环境），再按工作时间占比求平均
以该职业 O*NET 29.3 任务中的体力任务为准
等级与时间占比由 Anthropic 使用 Claude Opus 5（网络搜索）估算（截至 2026 年）。
机器人暴露指数与本站的 AI 暴露度是不同的指标，不能相加或相互比较。该指数不代表实际采用情况或成本竞争力，0 也包括没有体力任务的职业。
每项体力任务的等级
机器人环境等级（E0–E3）
E0 机器人不可详情
评定为已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人即使在机器人专用设施中也无法完成
E1 机器人专用设施详情
评定为可在围绕机器搭建的设施中完成，例如围栏式机器单元或灌装线
E2 受管理的设施详情
评定为可在由机构按工作标准维护的人类工作设施中完成，例如医院药房或集装箱港口
E3 非结构化环境详情
评定为可在没有机构按工作标准维护的环境中完成，例如私人住宅或建筑工地
仅列出被归类为体力任务的任务；其他任务在来源中没有等级。
| 任务（O*NET 29.3） | 机器人环境等级 |
|---|---|
| Perform sales floor work, such as greeting or assisting customers, stocking shelves, or taking inventory. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
职业信息
就业展望（BLS）
- 就业人数，2025
- 3.6M
- 预计就业人数，2035
- 3.8M
- 变化 (2025–35)
- +5%
- 年薪中位数，2025
- $105,770
- 入职通常所需学历
- Bachelor's degree
韩国职业分类关联（KSCO）
来自 AI Changing Work 制作的 Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1 当前版本的关联。关系值从 O*NET-SOC 职业一侧解读。
| KSCO 代码 | KSCO 名称 | 关系 | 状态 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11202 | 기업 고위 임원 | 有重叠，但不相同 | 已确认 |
| 12122 | 기획 관리자 | 有重叠，但不相同 | 已确认 |
| 27210 | 정부 행정 전문가 | 相关，但不对应 | 已确认 |
| 52111 | 소규모 상점 경영자 | 相关，但不对应 | 已确认 |
关系与状态的定义(kr-direct v1.1)
国际劳工组织（ILO）职业说明
以下 ISCO-08 职业组由 AI Changing Work 原样套用美国劳工统计局（BLS）发布的对照表（2018 SOC→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→ISCO-08）、不逐案取舍，与本职业相关联；每项关联可能是完全对应，也可能是部分对应。
- ISCO-08 1112Senior Government Officials
政府高级官员
- ISCO-08 1114Senior Officials of Special-interest Organizations
特殊利益团体高级官员
- ISCO-08 1120Managing Directors and Chief Executives
董事总经理和首席执行官
- ISCO-08 1343Aged Care Service Managers
老年人照护服务经理
- ISCO-08 1346Financial and Insurance Services Branch managers
金融和保险服务分支机构经理
- ISCO-08 1420Retail and Wholesale Trade Managers
零售和批发贸易经理
- ISCO-08 5221Shopkeepers
小店店主
自行翻译
自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO 职业词汇
以下每一项都是在已公开的ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk（第 1 版，2022 年）中与本职业逐项对应的。对应类型出自该对照表；表述出自 AI Changing Work。
- chief operating officerESCO 1120.4范围相同
Chief operating officers are the right hand and second in command of a company's chief executive officer. They ensure that the daily operations of the company run smoothly. Chief operating officers also develop company policies, rules and goals.
- airport directorESCO 1324.1本职业范围更宽
Airport directors oversee a group of managers who lead or supervise a particular area of the airport, programme or a project.\
- business managerESCO 1120.2本职业范围更宽
Business managers are responsible for setting the objectives of the business unit of a company, creating a plan for the operations, and facilitating the achievement of the objectives and implementation of the plan together with employees of the segment and stakeholders. They keep an overview of the business, understand detailed information of the business unit and support the department, and make decisions based on the information at hand.
- library managerESCO 1349.16本职业范围更宽
Library managers supervise the correct usage of library equipment and items. They manage the provided services of a library and the operation of the departments within a library. Library managers also provide training for new staff members and manage the budget of the library.
- operations managerESCO 1321.1.3本职业范围更宽
Operations managers plan, oversee and coordinate the daily operations of production of goods and provision of services. They also formulate and implement company policies and plan the use of human resources and materials.
- strategic planning managerESCO 1213.2.2本职业范围更宽
Strategic planning managers create, together with a team of managers, the strategic plans of the company as a whole, and provide coordination in the implementation per department. They help to interpret the overall plan and create a detailed plan for each one of the departments and branches. They ensure consistency in the implementation.
- textile operations managerESCO 3122.4.17本职业范围更宽
Textile operations managers schedule orders and delivery times in order to assure the efficient flow of the production system.
- tourism product managerESCO 1221.5本职业范围更宽
Tourism product managers analyse the market, research potential offers, develop products, plan and organise the distribution and marketing processes.
- wood factory managerESCO 1219.5.5本职业范围更宽
Wood factory managers realise planning, commercial and advisory tasks of wood factory and timber trade. They also manage purchasing, sales, customer service and marketing of wood and wood products.
- public administration managerESCO 1112.6有重叠，但不相同
Public administration managers direct, monitor and evaluate the implementation of government policies. They supervise staff and manage resources used for implementation, and write reports on the implementation process. They also communicate with government officials and the public to inform them on the policies. Public administration managers may also participate in the design and creation of public policies.
来源: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
许可: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
法国职业分类关联（ROME）
本职业与 ROME 4.0 职业条目（fiche）之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。标为「暂定」的关联仅凭同一模型系列（Claude）两位判定者的判定采纳，或对其判定适用运营方规则后采纳，因此其依据弱于已确认的关联。
| ROME 代码 | ROME 名称（法语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| D1230 | Responsable d'agence de location de matériel de transport | 本职业范围更宽 |
| D1504 | Directeur / Directrice de magasin de grande distribution | 本职业范围更宽 |
| K1423 | Directeur / Directrice de cabinet | 本职业范围更宽 |
| M1304 | Directeur / Directrice d'unité de services au public | 本职业范围更宽 |
| D1512 | Directeur régional / Directrice régionale d'hypermarché ou de supermarché | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| I1119 | Responsable de centre de démontage recyclage des VHU | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| L1320 | Directeur / Directrice de label | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| M1302 | Responsable de Petite ou Moyenne Entreprise -PME- | 有重叠，但不相同 |
| G1105 | Directeur / Directrice d'office du tourisme | 相关，但不对应 |
| N2210 | Superviseur / Superviseuse d'exploitation aéroportuaire | 相关，但不对应 |
| N3211 | Directeur de port / Directrice de port | 相关，但不对应 |
| K1401 | Directeur / Directrice d'administration centrale | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
西班牙职业分类关联（CNO-11）
本职业与 CNO-11 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| CNO-11 代码 | CNO-11 名称（西班牙语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 1431 | Directores y gerentes de empresas de comercio al por mayor | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| 1120 | Directores generales y presidentes ejecutivos | 有重叠，但不相同 |
| 1432 | Directores y gerentes de empresas de comercio al por menor | 相关，但不对应 |
| 1314 | Directores de explotaciones mineras | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
德国职业分类关联（KldB）
本职业与 KldB 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| KldB 代码 | KldB 名称（德语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 71394 | Führungskräfte - Unternehmensorganisation und -strategie | 本职业范围更宽 |
| 71104 | Geschäftsführer/innen und Vorstände - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | 有重叠，但不相同暂定 |
| 21194 | Führungskräfte - Berg- und Tagebau und Sprengtechnik | 相关，但不对应 |
| 27394 | Führungskräfte - Technische Produktionsplanung und -steuerung | 相关，但不对应 |
| 61203 | Kaufleute im Handel (ohne Spezialisierung) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | 相关，但不对应 |
| 73284 | Berufe in der öffentlichen Verwaltung (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | 相关，但不对应 |
| 12294 | Führungskräfte - Floristik | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
| 71304 | Berufe in der kaufmännischen und technischen Betriebswirtschaft (ohne Spezialisierung) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
| 92394 | Führungskräfte - Verlags- und Medienwirtschaft | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
日本职业分类关联（JSCO）
本职业与 JSCO 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| JSCO 代码 | JSCO 名称（日语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 031 | 会社管理職員 | 本职业范围更窄 |
| 049 | その他の管理的職業従事者 | 相关，但不对应 |
| 012 | 管理的国家公務員 | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
本页数据的来源与许可，以及 AI Changing Work 的修改与翻译说明：致谢与来源