Online Merchants

Business and Financial Operations Occupations

O*NET-SOC 代码: 13-1199.06

Conduct retail activities of businesses operating exclusively online. May perform duties such as preparing business strategies, buying merchandise, managing inventory, implementing marketing activities, fulfilling and shipping online orders, and balancing financial records.

数据来源: BLS发布时间: 2026-08
很高· 相对
低四级相对区间很高
职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
四级相对类别（低 / 中等 / 高 / 很高）
以BLS就业预测表中831个细分职业为基数。取值按 NEM（全国就业矩阵）代码给定，因此共用同一 NEM 代码的职业得到相同分档
来源数据集（XLSX 文件下载）
数据来源: Anthropic发布时间: 2026-03
0.185
0.000此处所载数值的范围0.745
职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
观测暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1
以O*NET任务映射为基准
按 SOC 2018 职业发布的数值；具有相同 SOC 2018 代码的所有 O*NET 职业均显示此值
来源数据集（CSV 文件下载）
数据来源: ILO发布时间: 2025
0.42–0.44· ISCO-08 职业组 2 个
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
生成式AI暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1
按 ISCO-08 细类（4 位）发布的数值。按原样应用美国劳工统计局（BLS）的官方对照表（ISCO-08→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→2018 SOC）关联到本职业，对应关系为全部或部分对应
来源数据集（PDF 文件下载）

该来源发布的是什么性质的数值

BLS的类别是相对排位而非绝对水平，也不是一手测量：它把多项已发表研究给出的职业百分位排名归并为四个等级。它不是就业或工资预测，不是采用概率，也不区分自动化与增强。

各关联 ISCO-08 职业组的 ILO 数值

ISCO-08 2422Policy Administration Professionals0.42
ISCO-08 3339Business Services Agents Not Elsewhere Classified0.44

Task-level exposure

仅显示有暴露的工作

已评分任务 34 项 · β ≥ 0.5 的任务 31 项（91.2%）

β = 直接暴露（E1）+ 0.5 × 借助工具时的暴露（E2），依据原始代码库的定义。

原始单位：O*NET 27.2 任务 → O*NET 31.0 职业代码
所有已评分任务均在 O*NET 31.0 任务列表中。

来源: OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
版本: gh-main-0471612
许可: MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Task (O*NET 20.1)	Claude.aiRaw / share %
Compose descriptions of merchandise for posting to online storefront, auction sites, or other shopping Web sites. 13-1199.06	0.076035.7
Implement security practices to preserve assets, minimize liabilities, or ensure customer privacy, using parallel servers, hardware redundancy, fail-safe technology, information encryption, or firewalls. 13-1199.06	0.028113.2
Investigate products or markets to determine areas for opportunity or viability for merchandising specific products, using online or offline sources. 13-1199.06	0.01728.1
Compose images of products, using video or still cameras, lighting equipment, props, or photo or video editing software. 13-1199.06	0.01326.2
Develop or revise business plans for online business, emphasizing factors such as product line, pricing, inventory, or marketing strategy. 13-1199.06	0.01125.3
Promote products in online communities through weblog or discussion-forum postings, e-mail marketing programs, or online advertising. 13-1199.06	0.01034.8
Prepare or organize online storefront marketing material, including product descriptions or subject lines, optimizing content to search engine criteria. 13-1199.06	0.01004.7
Design customer interface of online storefront, using web programming or e-commerce software. 13-1199.06	0.00954.5
Correspond with online customers via electronic mail, telephone, or other electronic messaging to address questions or complaints about products, policies, or shipping methods. 13-1199.06	0.00954.5
Collaborate with search engine shopping specialists to place marketing content in desired online locations. 13-1199.06	0.00643.0
Determine location for product listings to maximize exposure to online traffic. 13-1199.06	0.00442.1
Calculate purchase subtotals, taxes, and shipping costs for submission to customers. 13-1199.06	0.00291.3
Purchase new or used items from online or physical sources for resale via retail or auction Web site. 13-1199.06	0.00291.3
Deliver e-mail confirmation of completed transactions and shipment. 13-1199.06	0.00271.3
Integrate online retailing strategy with physical or catalogue retailing operations. 13-1199.06	0.00251.2
Select and purchase technical web services, such as web hosting services, online merchant accounts, shopping cart software, payment gateway software, or spyware. 13-1199.06	0.00211.0
Disclose merchant information and terms and policies of transactions in online or offline materials. 13-1199.06	0.00200.9
Create, manage, or automate orders or invoices, using order management or invoicing software. 13-1199.06	0.00200.9
再显示 8 项工作 ▾收起 ▴
Not observed on any surface — 16 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states.
Upload digital media, such as photos, video, or scanned images to online storefront, auction sites, or other shopping Web sites.	—0
Order or purchase merchandise to maintain optimal inventory levels.	—0
Maintain inventory of shipping supplies, such as boxes, labels, tape, bubble wrap, loose packing materials, or tape guns.	—0
Determine and set product prices.	—0
Create or maintain database of customer accounts.	—0
Cancel orders based on customer requests or inventory or delivery problems.	—0
Fill customer orders by packaging sold items and documentation for direct shipping or by transferring orders to manufacturers or third-party distributors.	—0
Measure and analyze Web site usage data to maximize search engine returns or refine customer interfaces.	—0
Receive and process payments from customers, using electronic transaction services.	—0
Calculate revenue, sales, and expenses, using financial accounting or spreadsheet software.	—0
Participate in online forums or conferences to stay abreast of online retailing trends, techniques, or security threats.	—0
Create or distribute offline promotional material, such as brochures, pamphlets, business cards, stationary, or signage.	—0
Transfer digital media, such as music, video, or software, to customers via the Internet.	—0
Investigate sources, such as auctions, estate sales, liquidators, wholesalers, or trade shows for new items, used items, or collectibles.	—0
Initiate online auctions through auction hosting sites or auction management software.	—0
Devise, select, or purchase domain name and web address.	—0

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task (O*NET 27.2)	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Disclose merchant information and terms and policies of transactions in online or offline materials. O*NET Task ID 15708	1.0
Deliver e-mail confirmation of completed transactions and shipment. O*NET Task ID 15709	1.0
Create, manage, or automate orders or invoices, using order management or invoicing software. O*NET Task ID 15710	1.0
Create or maintain database of customer accounts. O*NET Task ID 15711	1.0
Transfer digital media, such as music, video, or software, to customers via the Internet. O*NET Task ID 15715	1.0
Initiate online auctions through auction hosting sites or auction management software. O*NET Task ID 15722	1.0
Implement security practices to preserve assets, minimize liabilities, or ensure customer privacy, using parallel servers, hardware redundancy, fail-safe technology, information encryption, or firewalls. O*NET Task ID 15723	1.0
Devise, select, or purchase domain name and web address. O*NET Task ID 15724	1.0
Design customer interface of online storefront, using web programming or e-commerce software. O*NET Task ID 15727	1.0
Calculate purchase subtotals, taxes, and shipping costs for submission to customers. O*NET Task ID 15730	1.0
Prepare or organize online storefront marketing material, including product descriptions or subject lines, optimizing content to search engine criteria. O*NET Task ID 15732	1.0
Compose descriptions of merchandise for posting to online storefront, auction sites, or other shopping Web sites. O*NET Task ID 15734	1.0
Calculate revenue, sales, and expenses, using financial accounting or spreadsheet software. O*NET Task ID 15735	1.0
Participate in online forums or conferences to stay abreast of online retailing trends, techniques, or security threats. O*NET Task ID 15702	0.5
Upload digital media, such as photos, video, or scanned images to online storefront, auction sites, or other shopping Web sites. O*NET Task ID 15703	0.5
Order or purchase merchandise to maintain optimal inventory levels. O*NET Task ID 15704	0.5
Integrate online retailing strategy with physical or catalogue retailing operations. O*NET Task ID 15706	0.5
Determine and set product prices. O*NET Task ID 15707	0.5
Create or distribute offline promotional material, such as brochures, pamphlets, business cards, stationary, or signage. O*NET Task ID 15712	0.5
Collaborate with search engine shopping specialists to place marketing content in desired online locations. O*NET Task ID 15713	0.5
Cancel orders based on customer requests or inventory or delivery problems. O*NET Task ID 15714	0.5
Select and purchase technical web services, such as web hosting services, online merchant accounts, shopping cart software, payment gateway software, or spyware. O*NET Task ID 15716	0.5
Promote products in online communities through weblog or discussion-forum postings, e-mail marketing programs, or online advertising. O*NET Task ID 15717	0.5
Measure and analyze Web site usage data to maximize search engine returns or refine customer interfaces. O*NET Task ID 15719	0.5
Investigate sources, such as auctions, estate sales, liquidators, wholesalers, or trade shows for new items, used items, or collectibles. O*NET Task ID 15720	0.5
Investigate products or markets to determine areas for opportunity or viability for merchandising specific products, using online or offline sources. O*NET Task ID 15721	0.5
Develop or revise business plans for online business, emphasizing factors such as product line, pricing, inventory, or marketing strategy. O*NET Task ID 15725	0.5
Determine location for product listings to maximize exposure to online traffic. O*NET Task ID 15726	0.5
Correspond with online customers via electronic mail, telephone, or other electronic messaging to address questions or complaints about products, policies, or shipping methods. O*NET Task ID 15728	0.5
Compose images of products, using video or still cameras, lighting equipment, props, or photo or video editing software. O*NET Task ID 15729	0.5
Purchase new or used items from online or physical sources for resale via retail or auction Web site. O*NET Task ID 15733	0.5
再显示 21 项工作 ▾收起 ▴
Maintain inventory of shipping supplies, such as boxes, labels, tape, bubble wrap, loose packing materials, or tape guns. O*NET Task ID 15705	0.0
Fill customer orders by packaging sold items and documentation for direct shipping or by transferring orders to manufacturers or third-party distributors. O*NET Task ID 15718	0.0
Receive and process payments from customers, using electronic transaction services. O*NET Task ID 15731	0.0

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

O*NET 31.0 全部任务（34 项）

本职业在 O*NET 31.0 中的全部任务（英文原文；任务类型为核心或补充）。暴露值不列在此清单中，而在上方表格里，位于各来源所用 O*NET 版本的任务表述旁。

任务（O*NET 31.0）	类型
Upload digital media, such as photos, video, or scanned images to online storefront, auction sites, or other shopping Web sites.	核心
Order or purchase merchandise to maintain optimal inventory levels.	核心
Maintain inventory of shipping supplies, such as boxes, labels, tape, bubble wrap, loose packing materials, or tape guns.	核心
Determine and set product prices.	核心
Disclose merchant information and terms and policies of transactions in online or offline materials.	核心
Deliver e-mail confirmation of completed transactions and shipment.	核心
Create, manage, or automate orders or invoices, using order management or invoicing software.	核心
Create or maintain database of customer accounts.	核心
Collaborate with search engine shopping specialists to place marketing content in desired online locations.	核心
Cancel orders based on customer requests or inventory or delivery problems.	核心
Promote products in online communities through weblog or discussion-forum postings, e-mail marketing programs, or online advertising.	核心
Fill customer orders by packaging sold items and documentation for direct shipping or by transferring orders to manufacturers or third-party distributors.	核心
Measure and analyze Web site usage data to maximize search engine returns or refine customer interfaces.	核心
Investigate products or markets to determine areas for opportunity or viability for merchandising specific products, using online or offline sources.	核心
Develop or revise business plans for online business, emphasizing factors such as product line, pricing, inventory, or marketing strategy.	核心
Determine location for product listings to maximize exposure to online traffic.	核心
Correspond with online customers via electronic mail, telephone, or other electronic messaging to address questions or complaints about products, policies, or shipping methods.	核心
Compose images of products, using video or still cameras, lighting equipment, props, or photo or video editing software.	核心
Calculate purchase subtotals, taxes, and shipping costs for submission to customers.	核心
Receive and process payments from customers, using electronic transaction services.	核心
Prepare or organize online storefront marketing material, including product descriptions or subject lines, optimizing content to search engine criteria.	核心
Purchase new or used items from online or physical sources for resale via retail or auction Web site.	核心
Compose descriptions of merchandise for posting to online storefront, auction sites, or other shopping Web sites.	核心
Calculate revenue, sales, and expenses, using financial accounting or spreadsheet software.	核心
Participate in online forums or conferences to stay abreast of online retailing trends, techniques, or security threats.	补充
Integrate online retailing strategy with physical or catalogue retailing operations.	补充
Create or distribute offline promotional material, such as brochures, pamphlets, business cards, stationary, or signage.	补充
Transfer digital media, such as music, video, or software, to customers via the Internet.	补充
Select and purchase technical web services, such as web hosting services, online merchant accounts, shopping cart software, payment gateway software, or spyware.	补充
Investigate sources, such as auctions, estate sales, liquidators, wholesalers, or trade shows for new items, used items, or collectibles.	补充
Initiate online auctions through auction hosting sites or auction management software.	补充
Implement security practices to preserve assets, minimize liabilities, or ensure customer privacy, using parallel servers, hardware redundancy, fail-safe technology, information encryption, or firewalls.	补充
Devise, select, or purchase domain name and web address.	补充
Design customer interface of online storefront, using web programming or e-commerce software.	补充

Anthropic「What work can robots do?」2026-09

0.21/ 3· 机器人暴露指数

0 不可3 非结构化环境

尺度 · 母数 · 来源

对每项体力任务，按已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人能够完成它的环境评定 0–3 级（0 不可 · 1 围栏式机器单元、灌装线等机器人专用设施 · 2 医院药房、集装箱港口等受管理的设施 · 3 私人住宅、建筑工地等非结构化环境），再按工作时间占比求平均

以该职业 O*NET 29.3 任务中的体力任务为准

等级与时间占比由 Anthropic 使用 Claude Opus 5（网络搜索）估算（截至 2026 年）。

来源数据集

机器人暴露指数与本站的 AI 暴露度是不同的指标，不能相加或相互比较。该指数不代表实际采用情况或成本竞争力，0 也包括没有体力任务的职业。

每项体力任务的等级

机器人环境等级（E0–E3）

E0 机器人不可详情
评定为已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人即使在机器人专用设施中也无法完成
E1 机器人专用设施详情
评定为可在围绕机器搭建的设施中完成，例如围栏式机器单元或灌装线
E2 受管理的设施详情
评定为可在由机构按工作标准维护的人类工作设施中完成，例如医院药房或集装箱港口
E3 非结构化环境详情
评定为可在没有机构按工作标准维护的环境中完成，例如私人住宅或建筑工地

仅列出被归类为体力任务的任务；其他任务在来源中没有等级。

任务（O*NET 29.3）	机器人环境等级
Maintain inventory of shipping supplies, such as boxes, labels, tape, bubble wrap, loose packing materials, or tape guns.	E2 受管理的设施
Fill customer orders by packaging sold items and documentation for direct shipping or by transferring orders to manufacturers or third-party distributors.	E1 机器人专用设施
Compose images of products, using video or still cameras, lighting equipment, props, or photo or video editing software.	E1 机器人专用设施
Purchase new or used items from online or physical sources for resale via retail or auction Web site.	E0 机器人不可

就业展望（BLS）

这些数值属于整个 SOC 13-1199 组（Business operations specialists, all other），并非仅属于该 O*NET 职业。

就业人数，2025: 1.2M
预计就业人数，2035: 1.2M
变化 (2025–35): +3.9%
年薪中位数，2025: $83,050
入职通常所需学历: Bachelor's degree

最低 $30,890BLS EP 2025–35 中 825 个细分职业的工资中位数范围最高 $559,030

来源: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

韩国职业分类关联（KSCO）

来自 AI Changing Work 制作的 Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1 当前版本的关联。关系值从 O*NET-SOC 职业一侧解读。

KSCO 代码	KSCO 名称	关系	状态
53120	온라인 쇼핑 판매원	范围相同	已确认

关系与状态的定义(kr-direct v1.1)

国际劳工组织（ILO）职业说明

以下 ISCO-08 职业组由 AI Changing Work 原样套用美国劳工统计局（BLS）发布的对照表（2018 SOC→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→ISCO-08）、不逐案取舍，与本职业相关联；每项关联可能是完全对应，也可能是部分对应。

ISCO-08 2422Policy Administration Professionals
政策管理专业人员
ISCO-08 3339Business Services Agents Not Elsewhere Classified
其他未列明的商务服务代理人

自行翻译

自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO 职业词汇

以下每一项都是在已公开的ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk（第 1 版，2022 年）中与本职业逐项对应的。对应类型出自该对照表；表述出自 AI Changing Work。

eBusiness managerESCO 2431.10.2范围相同
eBusiness managers create and execute a company's electronic strategy plan for selling products and services online. They also improve data integrity, placement of online tools and brand exposure and monitor sales for companies that market products to customers using the internet. They collaborate with the marketing and sales management team using ICT tools to reach sales goals and provide accurate information and offerings to business partners.
online marketerESCO 2431.10.4本职业范围更宽
Online marketers use e-mail, internet and social media in order to market goods and brands.
online sales channel managerESCO 1221.3.2.1.4本职业范围更宽
Online sales channel managers define the sales programme for e-commerces such as goods sold via e-mail, internet and social media. They also assist in planning the of the online sales strategy and identifying marketing opportunities. Online sales channel managers also analyse competitor sites, review the site performance and analytics.
wholesale merchant in computers, computer peripheral equipment and softwareESCO 3324.4.8本职业范围更宽
Wholesale merchants in computers, computer peripheral equipment and software investigate potential wholesale buyers and suppliers and match their needs. They conclude trades involving large quantities of goods.

来源: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

许可: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

查看原文

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

法国职业分类关联（ROME）

本职业与 ROME 4.0 职业条目（fiche）之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。标为「暂定」的关联仅凭同一模型系列（Claude）两位判定者的判定采纳，或对其判定适用运营方规则后采纳，因此其依据弱于已确认的关联。

ROME 代码	ROME 名称（法语）	关系
E1113	Responsable e-commerce	本职业范围更窄暂定
D1438	Assistant / Assistante e-commerce	相关，但不对应暂定

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

西班牙职业分类关联（CNO-11）

本职业与 CNO-11 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

CNO-11 代码	CNO-11 名称（西班牙语）	关系
1432	Directores y gerentes de empresas de comercio al por menor	相关，但不对应暂定
5300	Comerciantes propietarios de tiendas	相关，但不对应暂定

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

德国职业分类关联（KldB）

本职业与 KldB 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

KldB 代码	KldB 名称（德语）	关系
61282	Kaufleute im Handel (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten	本职业范围更窄
61283	Kaufleute im Handel (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten	相关，但不对应

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

日本职业分类关联（JSCO）

本职业与 JSCO 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

JSCO 代码	JSCO 名称（日语）	关系
321	小売店主・店長	相关，但不对应

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

本页数据的来源与许可，以及 AI Changing Work 的修改与翻译说明：致谢与来源