Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates

O*NET-SOC 代码: 23-1023.00

Arbitrate, advise, adjudicate, or administer justice in a court of law. May sentence defendant in criminal cases according to government statutes or sentencing guidelines. May determine liability of defendant in civil cases. May perform wedding ceremonies.

数据来源: BLS发布时间: 2026-08
高· 相对
低四级相对区间很高
职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
四级相对类别（低 / 中等 / 高 / 很高）
以BLS就业预测表中831个细分职业为基数。取值按 NEM（全国就业矩阵）代码给定，因此共用同一 NEM 代码的职业得到相同分档
来源数据集（XLSX 文件下载）
数据来源: Anthropic发布时间: 2026-03
0.311
0.000此处所载数值的范围0.745
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
观测暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1
以O*NET任务映射为基准
按 SOC 2018 职业发布的数值；具有相同 SOC 2018 代码的所有 O*NET 职业均显示此值
来源数据集（CSV 文件下载）
数据来源: ILO发布时间: 2025
0.31
0.09此处所载数值的范围0.70
职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
生成式AI暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1
按 ISCO-08 细类（4 位）发布的数值。按原样应用美国劳工统计局（BLS）的官方对照表（ISCO-08→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→2018 SOC）关联到本职业，对应关系为全部或部分对应
来源数据集（PDF 文件下载）

该来源发布的是什么性质的数值

BLS的类别是相对排位而非绝对水平，也不是一手测量：它把多项已发表研究给出的职业百分位排名归并为四个等级。它不是就业或工资预测，不是采用概率，也不区分自动化与增强。

Task-level exposure

仅显示有暴露的工作

已评分任务 21 项 · β ≥ 0.5 的任务 17 项（81.0%）

β = 直接暴露（E1）+ 0.5 × 借助工具时的暴露（E2），依据原始代码库的定义。

原始单位：O*NET 27.2 任务 → O*NET 31.0 职业代码
所有已评分任务均在 O*NET 31.0 任务列表中。

来源: OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
版本: gh-main-0471612
许可: MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Task (O*NET 20.1)	Claude.aiRaw / share %	APIRaw / share %
Research legal issues and write opinions on the issues. 23-1023.00	0.009038.8	0.003943.8
Read documents on pleadings and motions to ascertain facts and issues. 23-1023.00	0.006628.4	0.005056.2
Write decisions on cases. 23-1023.00	0.005724.6	—0
Provide information regarding the judicial system or other legal issues through the media and public speeches. 23-1023.00	0.00198.2	—0
Not observed on any surface — 16 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states.
Instruct juries on applicable laws, direct juries to deduce the facts from the evidence presented, and hear their verdicts.	—0	—0
Rule on admissibility of evidence and methods of conducting testimony.	—0	—0
Preside over hearings and listen to allegations made by plaintiffs to determine whether the evidence supports the charges.	—0	—0
Interpret and enforce rules of procedure or establish new rules in situations where there are no procedures already established by law.	—0	—0
Monitor proceedings to ensure that all applicable rules and procedures are followed.	—0	—0
Advise attorneys, juries, litigants, and court personnel regarding conduct, issues, and proceedings.	—0	—0
Award compensation for damages to litigants in civil cases in relation to findings by juries or by the court.	—0	—0
Settle disputes between opposing attorneys.	—0	—0
Impose restrictions upon parties in civil cases until trials can be held.	—0	—0
Sentence defendants in criminal cases, on conviction by jury, according to applicable government statutes.	—0	—0
Conduct preliminary hearings to decide issues such as whether there is reasonable and probable cause to hold defendants in felony cases.	—0	—0
Supervise other judges, court officers, and the court's administrative staff.	—0	—0
Rule on custody and access disputes, and enforce court orders regarding custody and support of children.	—0	—0
Grant divorces and divide assets between spouses.	—0	—0
Participate in judicial tribunals to help resolve disputes.	—0	—0
Perform wedding ceremonies.	—0	—0

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task (O*NET 27.2)	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Sentence defendants in criminal cases, on conviction by jury, according to applicable government statutes. O*NET Task ID 5644	0.5
Rule on admissibility of evidence and methods of conducting testimony. O*NET Task ID 5645	0.5
Preside over hearings and listen to allegations made by plaintiffs to determine whether the evidence supports the charges. O*NET Task ID 5646	0.5
Read documents on pleadings and motions to ascertain facts and issues. O*NET Task ID 5647	0.5
Interpret and enforce rules of procedure or establish new rules in situations where there are no procedures already established by law. O*NET Task ID 5648	0.5
Monitor proceedings to ensure that all applicable rules and procedures are followed. O*NET Task ID 5649	0.5
Advise attorneys, juries, litigants, and court personnel regarding conduct, issues, and proceedings. O*NET Task ID 5650	0.5
Research legal issues and write opinions on the issues. O*NET Task ID 5651	0.5
Conduct preliminary hearings to decide issues, such as whether there is reasonable and probable cause to hold defendants in felony cases. O*NET Task ID 5652	0.5
Write decisions on cases. O*NET Task ID 5653	0.5
Award compensation for damages to litigants in civil cases in relation to findings by juries or by the court. O*NET Task ID 5654	0.5
Settle disputes between opposing attorneys. O*NET Task ID 5655	0.5
Impose restrictions upon parties in civil cases until trials can be held. O*NET Task ID 5657	0.5
Rule on custody and access disputes, and enforce court orders regarding custody and support of children. O*NET Task ID 5658	0.5
Grant divorces and divide assets between spouses. O*NET Task ID 5659	0.5
Provide information regarding the judicial system or other legal issues through the media and public speeches. O*NET Task ID 20057	0.5
Issue arrest warrants. O*NET Task ID 21182	0.5
再显示 7 项工作 ▾收起 ▴
Instruct juries on applicable laws, direct juries to deduce the facts from the evidence presented, and hear their verdicts. O*NET Task ID 5643	0.0
Supervise other judges, court officers, and the court's administrative staff. O*NET Task ID 5656	0.0
Participate in judicial tribunals to help resolve disputes. O*NET Task ID 5660	0.0
Perform wedding ceremonies. O*NET Task ID 5661	0.0

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

O*NET 31.0 全部任务（21 项）

本职业在 O*NET 31.0 中的全部任务（英文原文；任务类型为核心或补充）。暴露值不列在此清单中，而在上方表格里，位于各来源所用 O*NET 版本的任务表述旁。

任务（O*NET 31.0）	类型
Instruct juries on applicable laws, direct juries to deduce the facts from the evidence presented, and hear their verdicts.	核心
Sentence defendants in criminal cases, on conviction by jury, according to applicable government statutes.	核心
Rule on admissibility of evidence and methods of conducting testimony.	核心
Preside over hearings and listen to allegations made by plaintiffs to determine whether the evidence supports the charges.	核心
Read documents on pleadings and motions to ascertain facts and issues.	核心
Interpret and enforce rules of procedure or establish new rules in situations where there are no procedures already established by law.	核心
Monitor proceedings to ensure that all applicable rules and procedures are followed.	核心
Advise attorneys, juries, litigants, and court personnel regarding conduct, issues, and proceedings.	核心
Research legal issues and write opinions on the issues.	核心
Write decisions on cases.	核心
Award compensation for damages to litigants in civil cases in relation to findings by juries or by the court.	核心
Settle disputes between opposing attorneys.	核心
Supervise other judges, court officers, and the court's administrative staff.	核心
Impose restrictions upon parties in civil cases until trials can be held.	核心
Issue arrest warrants.	核心
Conduct preliminary hearings to decide issues, such as whether there is reasonable and probable cause to hold defendants in felony cases.	补充
Rule on custody and access disputes, and enforce court orders regarding custody and support of children.	补充
Grant divorces and divide assets between spouses.	补充
Participate in judicial tribunals to help resolve disputes.	补充
Perform wedding ceremonies.	补充
Provide information regarding the judicial system or other legal issues through the media and public speeches.	补充

就业展望（BLS）

就业人数，2025: 25K
预计就业人数，2035: 26K
变化 (2025–35): +2.8%
年薪中位数，2025: $153,990
入职通常所需学历: Doctoral or professional degree

最低 $30,890BLS EP 2025–35 中 825 个细分职业的工资中位数范围最高 $559,030

来源: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

韩国职业分类关联（KSCO）

来自 AI Changing Work 制作的 Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1 当前版本的关联。关系值从 O*NET-SOC 职业一侧解读。

KSCO 代码	KSCO 名称	关系	状态
27111	판사	范围相同	已确认
13131	법률 관리자	相关，但不对应	已确认

关系与状态的定义(kr-direct v1.1)

国际劳工组织（ILO）职业说明

以下 ISCO-08 职业组由 AI Changing Work 原样套用美国劳工统计局（BLS）发布的对照表（2018 SOC→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→ISCO-08）、不逐案取舍，与本职业相关联；每项关联可能是完全对应，也可能是部分对应。

ISCO-08 2612Judges
法官

自行翻译

自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。

以下定义、任务和职业示例是 ILO 对该 ISCO-08 职业组的描述，而不是对本职业的描述。

Judges preside over civil and criminal proceedings in courts of law.

任务

(a) presiding over trials and hearings;
(b) interpreting and enforcing rules of procedure and making rulings regarding the admissibility of evidence;
(c) determining the rights and obligations of the parties involved, and, in cases tried by jury;
(d) instructing the jury on points of law that are applicable to the case;
(e) weighing and considering evidence in non-jury trials and deciding legal guilt or innocence or degree of liability of the accused or defendant;
(f) passing sentence on persons convicted in criminal cases, determining damages or other appropriate remedy in civil cases and issuing court orders;
(g) researching legal issues and writing opinions on the issues.

职业示例

Chief justice · Judge · Magistrate

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO 职业词汇

以下每一项都是在已公开的ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk（第 1 版，2022 年）中与本职业逐项对应的。对应类型出自该对照表；表述出自 AI Changing Work。

judgeESCO 2612.1范围相同
Judges preside over, review and handle court cases, hearings, appeals and trials. They ensure that court procedures conform to conventional legal processes and review evidence and juries. Judges preside over cases involving such areas as crime, family issues, civil law, small claims and juvenile offenses.
justice of the peaceESCO 2612.2本职业范围更宽
Justices of the peace deal with small claims and disputes, and minor offences. They ensure the keeping of the peace within their jurisdiction, and provide mediation between disputing parties.
supreme court judgeESCO 2612.1.1本职业范围更宽
Supreme court judges preside in high courts, dealing with complex criminal and civil cases. They examine the case during trials in order to formulate a sentence or to direct a jury in reaching a conclusion, and decide on any punishments if an offending party is found guilty. They rule proceedings and ensure the trial is held in a fair manner compliant with legislation.

来源: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

许可: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

查看原文

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

法国职业分类关联（ROME）

本职业与 ROME 4.0 职业条目（fiche）之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。标为「暂定」的关联仅凭同一模型系列（Claude）两位判定者的判定采纳，或对其判定适用运营方规则后采纳，因此其依据弱于已确认的关联。

ROME 代码	ROME 名称（法语）	关系
K1904	Juge	范围相同暂定

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

西班牙职业分类关联（CNO-11）

本职业与 CNO-11 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

CNO-11 代码	CNO-11 名称（西班牙语）	关系
2513	Jueces y magistrados	范围相同
3711	Profesionales de apoyo de servicios jurídicos y servicios similares	相关，但不对应

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

德国职业分类关联（KldB）

本职业与 KldB 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

KldB 代码	KldB 名称（德语）	关系
73154	Richter/innen - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten	范围相同暂定

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

日本职业分类关联（JSCO）

本职业与 JSCO 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

JSCO 代码	JSCO 名称（日语）	关系
171	裁判官	范围相同暂定

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

与本职业相关的近期变化

摘要和关联标注由 AI Changing Work 撰写和判断；数字请以所链接的来源为准。

相关2026年3月: Same paper assigns ATE 0.43 by 2027 in SF Bay Tier 1. 100% of legal occupations in scope cross moderate-risk threshold by 2027 in Tier 1; only 14.3% cross in Tier 3 (New York) by 2030.
[来源: arXiv 2604.00186 (Gupta & Kumar, 2026)]
直接相关2026年3月: ATE framework identifies judges among highest-risk occupations (ATE 0.43-0.47) for agentic AI displacement — AI systems increasingly capable of end-to-end legal reasoning workflows.
[来源: Gupta & Kumar (2026) Agentic AI and Occupational Displacement]

本页数据的来源与许可，以及 AI Changing Work 的修改与翻译说明：致谢与来源