Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers

O*NET-SOC 代码: 23-2093.00

Search real estate records, examine titles, or summarize pertinent legal or insurance documents or details for a variety of purposes. May compile lists of mortgages, contracts, and other instruments pertaining to titles by searching public and private records for law firms, real estate agencies, or title insurance companies.

数据来源: BLS发布时间: 2026-08
高· 相对
低四级相对区间很高
职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
四级相对类别（低 / 中等 / 高 / 很高）
以BLS就业预测表中831个细分职业为基数。取值按 NEM（全国就业矩阵）代码给定，因此共用同一 NEM 代码的职业得到相同分档
来源数据集（XLSX 文件下载）
数据来源: Anthropic发布时间: 2026-03
0.022
0.000此处所载数值的范围0.745
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
观测暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1
以O*NET任务映射为基准
按 SOC 2018 职业发布的数值；具有相同 SOC 2018 代码的所有 O*NET 职业均显示此值
来源数据集（CSV 文件下载）
数据来源: ILO发布时间: 2025
0.39
0.09此处所载数值的范围0.70
职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
生成式AI暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1
按 ISCO-08 细类（4 位）发布的数值。按原样应用美国劳工统计局（BLS）的官方对照表（ISCO-08→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→2018 SOC）关联到本职业，对应关系为全部或部分对应
来源数据集（PDF 文件下载）

该来源发布的是什么性质的数值

BLS的类别是相对排位而非绝对水平，也不是一手测量：它把多项已发表研究给出的职业百分位排名归并为四个等级。它不是就业或工资预测，不是采用概率，也不区分自动化与增强。

Task-level exposure

仅显示有暴露的工作

已评分任务 17 项 · β ≥ 0.5 的任务 16 项（94.1%）

β = 直接暴露（E1）+ 0.5 × 借助工具时的暴露（E2），依据原始代码库的定义。

原始单位：O*NET 27.2 任务 → O*NET 31.0 职业代码
所有已评分任务均在 O*NET 31.0 任务列表中。

来源: OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
版本: gh-main-0471612
许可: MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Task (O*NET 20.1)	Claude.aiRaw / share %	APIRaw / share %
Prepare real estate closing statements, using knowledge and expertise in real estate procedures. 23-2093.00	0.015752.0	0.005022.7
Summarize pertinent legal or insurance details, or sections of statutes or case law from reference books so that they can be used in examinations, or as proofs or ready reference. 23-2093.00	0.009732.1	0.008036.1
Prepare reports describing any title encumbrances encountered during searching activities, and outlining actions needed to clear titles. 23-2093.00	0.00186.0	—0
Copy or summarize recorded documents, such as mortgages, trust deeds, and contracts, that affect property titles. 23-2093.00	0.00155.0	—0
Confer with realtors, lending institution personnel, buyers, sellers, contractors, surveyors, and courthouse personnel to exchange title-related information or to resolve problems. 23-2093.00	0.00155.0	—0
Enter into record-keeping systems appropriate data needed to create new title records or update existing ones.	—0	0.005825.9
Read search requests to ascertain types of title evidence required and to obtain descriptions of properties and names of involved parties.	—0	0.003415.3
Not observed on any surface — 10 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states.
Prepare lists of all legal instruments applying to a specific piece of land and the buildings on it.	—0	—0
Examine documentation such as mortgages, liens, judgments, easements, plat books, maps, contracts, and agreements to verify factors such as properties' legal descriptions, ownership, or restrictions.	—0	—0
Examine individual titles to determine if restrictions, such as delinquent taxes, will affect titles and limit property use.	—0	—0
Verify accuracy and completeness of land-related documents accepted for registration, preparing rejection notices when documents are not acceptable.	—0	—0
Direct activities of workers who search records and examine titles, assigning, scheduling, and evaluating work, and providing technical guidance as necessary.	—0	—0
Obtain maps or drawings delineating properties from company title plants, county surveyors, or assessors' offices.	—0	—0
Prepare and issue title commitments and title insurance policies based on information compiled from title searches.	—0	—0
Retrieve and examine real estate closing files for accuracy and to ensure that information included is recorded and executed according to regulations.	—0	—0
Determine whether land-related documents can be registered under the relevant legislation such as the Land Titles Act.	—0	—0
Assess fees related to registration of property-related documents.	—0	—0

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task (O*NET 27.2)	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Read search requests to ascertain types of title evidence required and to obtain descriptions of properties and names of involved parties. O*NET Task ID 9232	1.0
Copy or summarize recorded documents, such as mortgages, trust deeds, and contracts, that affect property titles. O*NET Task ID 9233	1.0
Enter into record-keeping systems appropriate data needed to create new title records or to update existing ones. O*NET Task ID 9238	1.0
Prepare lists of all legal instruments applying to a specific piece of land and the buildings on it. O*NET Task ID 9230	0.5
Examine documentation such as mortgages, liens, judgments, easements, plat books, maps, contracts, and agreements to verify factors such as properties' legal descriptions, ownership, or restrictions. O*NET Task ID 9231	0.5
Examine individual titles to determine if restrictions, such as delinquent taxes, will affect titles and limit property use. O*NET Task ID 9234	0.5
Prepare reports describing any title encumbrances encountered during searching activities and outlining actions needed to clear titles. O*NET Task ID 9235	0.5
Verify accuracy and completeness of land-related documents accepted for registration, preparing rejection notices when documents are not acceptable. O*NET Task ID 9236	0.5
Direct activities of workers who search records and examine titles, assigning, scheduling, and evaluating work, and providing technical guidance as necessary. O*NET Task ID 9239	0.5
Obtain maps or drawings delineating properties from company title plants, county surveyors, or assessors' offices. O*NET Task ID 9240	0.5
Prepare and issue title commitments and title insurance policies, based on information compiled from title searches. O*NET Task ID 9241	0.5
Summarize pertinent legal or insurance details, or sections of statutes or case law from reference books for use in examinations or as proofs or ready reference. O*NET Task ID 9242	0.5
Retrieve and examine real estate closing files for accuracy and to ensure that information included is recorded and executed according to regulations. O*NET Task ID 9243	0.5
Prepare real estate closing statements, using knowledge and expertise in real estate procedures. O*NET Task ID 9244	0.5
Determine whether land-related documents can be registered under the relevant legislation, such as the Land Titles Act. O*NET Task ID 9245	0.5
Assess fees related to registration of property-related documents. O*NET Task ID 9246	0.5
再显示 6 项工作 ▾收起 ▴
Confer with realtors, lending institution personnel, buyers, sellers, contractors, surveyors, and courthouse personnel to exchange title-related information or to resolve problems. O*NET Task ID 9237	0.0

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

O*NET 31.0 全部任务（17 项）

本职业在 O*NET 31.0 中的全部任务（英文原文；任务类型为核心或补充）。暴露值不列在此清单中，而在上方表格里，位于各来源所用 O*NET 版本的任务表述旁。

任务（O*NET 31.0）	类型
Prepare lists of all legal instruments applying to a specific piece of land and the buildings on it.	核心
Examine documentation such as mortgages, liens, judgments, easements, plat books, maps, contracts, and agreements to verify factors such as properties' legal descriptions, ownership, or restrictions.	核心
Read search requests to ascertain types of title evidence required and to obtain descriptions of properties and names of involved parties.	核心
Copy or summarize recorded documents, such as mortgages, trust deeds, and contracts, that affect property titles.	核心
Examine individual titles to determine if restrictions, such as delinquent taxes, will affect titles and limit property use.	核心
Prepare reports describing any title encumbrances encountered during searching activities and outlining actions needed to clear titles.	核心
Verify accuracy and completeness of land-related documents accepted for registration, preparing rejection notices when documents are not acceptable.	核心
Confer with realtors, lending institution personnel, buyers, sellers, contractors, surveyors, and courthouse personnel to exchange title-related information or to resolve problems.	核心
Enter into record-keeping systems appropriate data needed to create new title records or to update existing ones.	核心
Direct activities of workers who search records and examine titles, assigning, scheduling, and evaluating work, and providing technical guidance as necessary.	核心
Obtain maps or drawings delineating properties from company title plants, county surveyors, or assessors' offices.	核心
Prepare and issue title commitments and title insurance policies, based on information compiled from title searches.	核心
Summarize pertinent legal or insurance details, or sections of statutes or case law from reference books for use in examinations or as proofs or ready reference.	核心
Retrieve and examine real estate closing files for accuracy and to ensure that information included is recorded and executed according to regulations.	核心
Prepare real estate closing statements, using knowledge and expertise in real estate procedures.	补充
Determine whether land-related documents can be registered under the relevant legislation, such as the Land Titles Act.	补充
Assess fees related to registration of property-related documents.	补充

就业展望（BLS）

就业人数，2025: 60K
预计就业人数，2035: 61K
变化 (2025–35): +2.1%
年薪中位数，2025: $58,650
入职通常所需学历: High school diploma or equivalent

最低 $30,890BLS EP 2025–35 中 825 个细分职业的工资中位数范围最高 $559,030

来源: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

韩国职业分类关联（KSCO）

来自 AI Changing Work 制作的 Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1 当前版本的关联。关系值从 O*NET-SOC 职业一侧解读。

KSCO 代码	KSCO 名称	关系	状态
27131	법무사	相关，但不对应	已确认

关系与状态的定义(kr-direct v1.1)

国际劳工组织（ILO）职业说明

以下 ISCO-08 职业组由 AI Changing Work 原样套用美国劳工统计局（BLS）发布的对照表（2018 SOC→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→ISCO-08）、不逐案取舍，与本职业相关联；每项关联可能是完全对应，也可能是部分对应。

ISCO-08 3411Legal and Related Associate Professionals
法律及有关助理专业人员

自行翻译

自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。

以下定义、任务和职业示例是 ILO 对该 ISCO-08 职业组的描述，而不是对本职业的描述。

Legal and related associate professionals perform support functions in courts of law or in law offices, provide services related to such legal matters as insurance contracts, the transferring of property and the granting of loans and other financial transactions or conduct investigations for clients.

任务

(a) documenting court proceedings and judgements;
(b) serving statements of claims, summonses, warrants, subpoenas and other court orders;
(c) maintaining order in court and hearing rooms;
(d) preparing legal documents including trial briefs, pleadings, appeals, wills and contracts and preparing, papers summarizing legal positions or setting out conditions of loans or insurance;
(e) investigating facts, assembling evidence and researching relevant statutes, decisions and other legal documents to prepare cases;
(f) advising clients on legal matters;
(g) examining documentation such as mortgages, liens, judgements, easements, contracts and maps in order to verify properties’ legal descriptions and ownership;
(h) preparing documents relating to transfer of real estate, stocks or other matters requiring formal registration;
(i) investigating possible cases of theft of goods, money or information from business establishments and of other possible cases of unlawful behaviour by customers or employees;
(j) investigating establishments or the circumstances and behaviour of persons on behalf of clients.

职业示例

Bailiff · Conveyancing clerk · Court clerk · Judge’s clerk · Justice of the peace · Law clerk · Legal assistant · Paralegal · Private detective · Title searcher

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO 职业词汇

以下每一项都是在已公开的ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk（第 1 版，2022 年）中与本职业逐项对应的。对应类型出自该对照表；表述出自 AI Changing Work。

title closerESCO 3334.2.1本职业范围更宽
Title closers handle and investigate all documentation needed for a property sale including the contracts, settlement statements, mortgages, title insurance policies, etc. They ensure compliance with legal requirements and review all the fees related to the real estate sales process.
conveyance clerkESCO 3411.2有重叠，但不相同
Conveyance clerks provide services for the legal transference of legal titles and properties from one party to another. They exchange the necessary contracts and ensure all properties, titles and rights are transfered.

来源: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

许可: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

查看原文

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

法国职业分类关联（ROME）

本职业与 ROME 4.0 职业条目（fiche）之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。标为「暂定」的关联仅凭同一模型系列（Claude）两位判定者的判定采纳，或对其判定适用运营方规则后采纳，因此其依据弱于已确认的关联。

ROME 代码	ROME 名称（法语）	关系
K1508	Agent / Agente de conservation des hypothèques	相关，但不对应暂定
K1902	Clerc de notaire	相关，但不对应暂定
K1912	Formaliste	相关，但不对应暂定

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

西班牙职业分类关联（CNO-11）

本职业与 CNO-11 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

CNO-11 代码	CNO-11 名称（西班牙语）	关系
3711	Profesionales de apoyo de servicios jurídicos y servicios similares	本职业范围更窄暂定
2591	Notarios y registradores	相关，但不对应暂定

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

德国职业分类关联（KldB）

本职业与 KldB 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

KldB 代码	KldB 名称（德语）	关系
73112	Assistenzkräfte in Rechtsanwaltskanzlei und Notariat - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten	相关，但不对应

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

日本职业分类关联（JSCO）

本职业与 JSCO 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

JSCO 代码	JSCO 名称（日语）	关系
175	司法書士	相关，但不对应
259	その他の一般事務従事者	相关，但不对应

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

本页数据的来源与许可，以及 AI Changing Work 的修改与翻译说明：致谢与来源