Chefs and Head Cooks

Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations
O*NET-SOC 代码
35-1011.00

Direct and may participate in the preparation, seasoning, and cooking of salads, soups, fish, meats, vegetables, desserts, or other foods. May plan and price menu items, order supplies, and keep records and accounts.

  • 数据来源: BLS发布时间: 2026-08

    中等· 相对

    低四级相对区间很高

    职业群单位数值

    尺度 · 母数 · 来源

    四级相对类别（低 / 中等 / 高 / 很高）

    以BLS就业预测表中831个细分职业为基数。取值按 NEM（全国就业矩阵）代码给定，因此共用同一 NEM 代码的职业得到相同分档

    来源数据集（XLSX 文件下载）

  • 数据来源: Anthropic发布时间: 2026-03

    0.000

    0.000此处所载数值的范围0.745
    尺度 · 母数 · 来源

    观测暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1

    以O*NET任务映射为基准

    按 SOC 2018 职业发布的数值；具有相同 SOC 2018 代码的所有 O*NET 职业均显示此值

    来源数据集（CSV 文件下载）

  • 数据来源: ILO发布时间: 2025

    0.25

    0.09此处所载数值的范围0.70

    职业群单位数值

    尺度 · 母数 · 来源

    生成式AI暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1

    按 ISCO-08 细类（4 位）发布的数值。按原样应用美国劳工统计局（BLS）的官方对照表（ISCO-08→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→2018 SOC）关联到本职业，对应关系为全部或部分对应

    来源数据集（PDF 文件下载）

该来源发布的是什么性质的数值

BLS的类别是相对排位而非绝对水平，也不是一手测量：它把多项已发表研究给出的职业百分位排名归并为四个等级。它不是就业或工资预测，不是采用概率，也不区分自动化与增强。

Task-level exposure

仅显示有暴露的工作

已评分任务 21 项 · β ≥ 0.5 的任务 9 项（42.9%）

β = 直接暴露（E1）+ 0.5 × 借助工具时的暴露（E2），依据原始代码库的定义。

  • 原始单位：O*NET 27.2 任务 → O*NET 31.0 职业代码
  • 所有已评分任务均在 O*NET 31.0 任务列表中。
来源
OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
版本
gh-main-0471612
许可
MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Task (O*NET 20.1)Claude.aiRaw / share %
Estimate amounts and costs of required supplies, such as food and ingredients.

35-1011.00

0.009529.3
Plan, direct, or supervise the food preparation or cooking activities of multiple kitchens or restaurants in an establishment such as a restaurant chain, hospital, or hotel.

35-1011.00

0.008124.9
Check the quality of raw or cooked food products to ensure that standards are met.

35-1011.00

0.003510.8
Coordinate planning, budgeting, or purchasing for all the food operations within establishments such as clubs, hotels, or restaurant chains.

35-1011.00

0.003510.8
Collaborate with other personnel to plan and develop recipes or menus, taking into account such factors as seasonal availability of ingredients or the likely number of customers.

35-1011.00

0.003410.4
Analyze recipes to assign prices to menu items, based on food, labor, and overhead costs.

35-1011.00

0.00257.6
Meet with customers to discuss menus for special occasions, such as weddings, parties, or banquets.

35-1011.00

0.00206.0
Not observed on any surface — 14 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states.
Monitor sanitation practices to ensure that employees follow standards and regulations.
—0
Check the quantity and quality of received products.
—0
Order or requisition food or other supplies needed to ensure efficient operation.
—0
Supervise or coordinate activities of cooks or workers engaged in food preparation.
—0
Inspect supplies, equipment, or work areas to ensure conformance to established standards.
—0
Determine how food should be presented and create decorative food displays.
—0
Instruct cooks or other workers in the preparation, cooking, garnishing, or presentation of food.
—0
Prepare and cook foods of all types, either on a regular basis or for special guests or functions.
—0
Determine production schedules and staff requirements necessary to ensure timely delivery of services.
—0
Recruit and hire staff, such as cooks and other kitchen workers.
—0
Demonstrate new cooking techniques or equipment to staff.
—0
Meet with sales representatives to negotiate prices or order supplies.
—0
Arrange for equipment purchases or repairs.
—0
Record production or operational data on specified forms.
—0

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

O*NET 31.0 全部任务（21 项）

本职业在 O*NET 31.0 中的全部任务（英文原文；任务类型为核心或补充）。暴露值不列在此清单中，而在上方表格里，位于各来源所用 O*NET 版本的任务表述旁。

任务（O*NET 31.0）类型
Check the quality of raw or cooked food products to ensure that standards are met.核心
Monitor sanitation practices to ensure that employees follow standards and regulations.核心
Check the quantity and quality of received products.核心
Order or requisition food or other supplies needed to ensure efficient operation.核心
Supervise or coordinate activities of cooks or workers engaged in food preparation.核心
Inspect supplies, equipment, or work areas to ensure conformance to established standards.核心
Determine how food should be presented and create decorative food displays.核心
Instruct cooks or other workers in the preparation, cooking, garnishing, or presentation of food.核心
Estimate amounts and costs of required supplies, such as food and ingredients.核心
Collaborate with other personnel to plan and develop recipes or menus, taking into account such factors as seasonal availability of ingredients or the likely number of customers.核心
Analyze recipes to assign prices to menu items, based on food, labor, and overhead costs.核心
Prepare and cook foods of all types, either on a regular basis or for special guests or functions.核心
Determine production schedules and staff requirements necessary to ensure timely delivery of services.核心
Recruit and hire staff, such as cooks and other kitchen workers.核心
Meet with customers to discuss menus for special occasions, such as weddings, parties, or banquets.核心
Demonstrate new cooking techniques or equipment to staff.核心
Meet with sales representatives to negotiate prices or order supplies.核心
Arrange for equipment purchases or repairs.核心
Record production or operational data on specified forms.核心
Plan, direct, or supervise food preparation or cooking activities of multiple kitchens or restaurants in an establishment such as a restaurant chain, hospital, or hotel.核心
Coordinate planning, budgeting, or purchasing for all the food operations within establishments such as clubs, hotels, or restaurant chains.核心

职业信息

就业展望（BLS）

就业人数，2025
220K
预计就业人数，2035
235K
变化 (2025–35)
+6.6%
年薪中位数，2025
$62,470
入职通常所需学历
High school diploma or equivalent
最低 $30,890BLS EP 2025–35 中 825 个细分职业的工资中位数范围最高 $559,030

来源: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

韩国职业分类关联（KSCO）

来自 AI Changing Work 制作的 Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1 当前版本的关联。关系值从 O*NET-SOC 职业一侧解读。

KSCO 代码KSCO 名称关系状态
29701주방장范围相同已确认
29702요리 연구가有重叠，但不相同已确认
29709그 외 식문화 관련 전문가相关，但不对应已审核

关系与状态的定义(kr-direct v1.1)

国际劳工组织（ILO）职业说明

以下 ISCO-08 职业组由 AI Changing Work 原样套用美国劳工统计局（BLS）发布的对照表（2018 SOC→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→ISCO-08）、不逐案取舍，与本职业相关联；每项关联可能是完全对应，也可能是部分对应。

  • ISCO-08 3434Chefs

    厨师长

自行翻译

自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。

以下定义、任务和职业示例是 ILO 对该 ISCO-08 职业组的描述，而不是对本职业的描述。

Chefs design menus, create dishes and oversee the planning, organization preparation and cooking of meals in hotels, restaurants and other eating places, on board ships, on passenger trains and in private households.

任务

  • (a) planning and developing recipes and menus, estimating food and labour costs, and ordering food supplies;
  • (b) monitoring quality of dishes at all stages of preparation and presentation;
  • (c) discussing food preparation issues with managers, dieticians, kitchen and waiting staff;
  • (d) supervising and coordinating the activities of cooks and other workers engaged in food preparation;
  • (e) inspecting supplies, equipment, and work areas to ensure conformity to established standards;
  • (f) determining how food should be presented, and creating decorative food displays.
  • (g) instructing cooks and other workers in the preparation, cooking, garnishing and presentation of food;
  • (h) participating on the recruitment of kitchen staff and monitoring their performance;
  • (i) preparing, seasoning and cooking speciality foods and complex dishes;
  • (j) explaining and enforcing hygiene and food safety regulations.

职业示例

Chef · Executive chef · Head chef · Pastry chef · Saucier · Sous-chef

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO 职业词汇

以下每一项都是在已公开的ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk（第 1 版，2022 年）中与本职业逐项对应的。对应类型出自该对照表；表述出自 AI Changing Work。

  • head chefESCO 3434.1.1范围相同

    Head chefs manage the kitchen to oversee the preparation, cooking and service of food.

  • chefESCO 3434.1本职业范围更宽

    Chefs are culinary professionals with a flair for creativity and innovation to provide a unique gastronomic experience.

  • cookESCO 5120.1本职业范围更宽

    cooks are culinary operatives who are able to prepare and present food, normally in domestic and institutional environments.

  • diet cookESCO 5120.1.1本职业范围更宽

    Diet cooks prepare and present meals according to special dietary or nutrition needs.

  • fish cookESCO 5120.1.2本职业范围更宽

    Fish cooks are responsible for preparing and presenting fish dishes using a variety of techniques. They may also prepare the accompanying sauces and purchase fresh fish for these dishes.

  • grill cookESCO 5120.1.3本职业范围更宽

    Grill cooks prepare and present meat, vegetables and fish using grill equipment such as grills and rotisseries.

  • industrial cookESCO 5120.1.4本职业范围更宽

    Industrial cooks create new food designs and recipes. They prepare, measure and mix ingredients to prepare foodstuff products. They control and regulate temperatures, monitor cooking process, assign specific baking tasks, and direct workers in task performance.

  • private chefESCO 3434.1.3有重叠，但不相同

    Private chefs comply with food and sanitation rules to prepare meals for their employers. They take into consideration the employer’s intolerances to specific ingredients or their preferences and cook the meals in the employer's home. Private chefs may also be asked to organise small dinner parties or other types of celebrations for special occasions.

来源: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

许可: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

查看原文

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

法国职业分类关联（ROME）

本职业与 ROME 4.0 职业条目（fiche）之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。标为「暂定」的关联仅凭同一模型系列（Claude）两位判定者的判定采纳，或对其判定适用运营方规则后采纳，因此其依据弱于已确认的关联。

ROME 代码ROME 名称（法语）关系
G1601Chef / Cheffe de cuisine范围相同暂定
D1117Chef pâtissier / Cheffe pâtissière本职业范围更宽暂定
D1112Chef charcutier-traiteur / Cheffe charcutière-traiteuse相关，但不对应暂定
G1609Cuisinier / Cuisinière相关，但不对应暂定

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

西班牙职业分类关联（CNO-11）

本职业与 CNO-11 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

CNO-11 代码CNO-11 名称（西班牙语）关系
3734Chefs范围相同
5110Cocineros asalariados本职业范围更宽暂定

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

德国职业分类关联（KldB）

本职业与 KldB 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

KldB 代码KldB 名称（德语）关系
29393Aufsichtskräfte - Speisenzubereitung范围相同暂定
29394Führungskräfte - Speisenzubereitung本职业范围更宽暂定
29302Köche/Köchinnen (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten相关，但不对应暂定

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

日本职业分类关联（JSCO）

本职业与 JSCO 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

JSCO 代码JSCO 名称（日语）关系
391調理人本职业范围更窄暂定

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

本页数据的来源与许可，以及 AI Changing Work 的修改与翻译说明：致谢与来源