Maintenance and Repair Workers, General

Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations

O*NET-SOC 代码: 49-9071.00

Perform work involving the skills of two or more maintenance or craft occupations to keep machines, mechanical equipment, or the structure of a building in repair. Duties may involve pipe fitting; HVAC maintenance; insulating; welding; machining; carpentry; repairing electrical or mechanical equipment; installing, aligning, and balancing new equipment; and repairing buildings, floors, or stairs.

数据来源: BLS发布时间: 2026-08
低· 相对
低四级相对区间很高
职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
四级相对类别（低 / 中等 / 高 / 很高）
以BLS就业预测表中831个细分职业为基数。取值按 NEM（全国就业矩阵）代码给定，因此共用同一 NEM 代码的职业得到相同分档
来源数据集（XLSX 文件下载）
数据来源: Anthropic发布时间: 2026-03
0.000
0.000此处所载数值的范围0.745
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
观测暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1
以O*NET任务映射为基准
按 SOC 2018 职业发布的数值；具有相同 SOC 2018 代码的所有 O*NET 职业均显示此值
来源数据集（CSV 文件下载）
数据来源: ILO发布时间: 2025
0.11
0.09此处所载数值的范围0.70
职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
生成式AI暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1
按 ISCO-08 细类（4 位）发布的数值。按原样应用美国劳工统计局（BLS）的官方对照表（ISCO-08→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→2018 SOC）关联到本职业，对应关系为全部或部分对应
来源数据集（PDF 文件下载）

该来源发布的是什么性质的数值

BLS的类别是相对排位而非绝对水平，也不是一手测量：它把多项已发表研究给出的职业百分位排名归并为四个等级。它不是就业或工资预测，不是采用概率，也不区分自动化与增强。

Task-level exposure

仅显示有暴露的工作

已评分任务 30 项 · β ≥ 0.5 的任务 6 项（20.0%）

β = 直接暴露（E1）+ 0.5 × 借助工具时的暴露（E2），依据原始代码库的定义。

原始单位：O*NET 27.2 任务 → O*NET 31.0 职业代码
已评分任务中有 3 项不在 O*NET 31.0 任务列表中，其分数按 O*NET 27.2 的发布值保留。

来源: OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
版本: gh-main-0471612
许可: MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task (O*NET 27.2)	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Record type and cost of maintenance or repair work. O*NET Task ID 3025	1.0
Diagnose mechanical problems and determine how to correct them, checking blueprints, repair manuals, or parts catalogs, as necessary. O*NET Task ID 3023	0.5
Plan and lay out repair work, using diagrams, drawings, blueprints, maintenance manuals, or schematic diagrams. O*NET Task ID 3028	0.5
Order parts, supplies, or equipment from catalogs or suppliers. O*NET Task ID 20674	0.5
Estimate costs to repair machinery, equipment, or building structures. O*NET Task ID 20678	0.5
Design new equipment to aid in the repair or maintenance of machines, mechanical equipment, or building structures. O*NET Task ID 20679	0.5
Assemble, install, or repair wiring, electrical or electronic components, pipe systems, plumbing, machinery, or equipment. O*NET Task ID 3022	0.0
Inspect, operate, or test machinery or equipment to diagnose machine malfunctions. O*NET Task ID 3024	0.0
Clean or lubricate shafts, bearings, gears, or other parts of machinery. O*NET Task ID 3026	0.0
Adjust functional parts of devices or control instruments, using hand tools, levels, plumb bobs, or straightedges. O*NET Task ID 3030	0.0
Paint or repair roofs, windows, doors, floors, woodwork, plaster, drywall, or other parts of building structures. O*NET Task ID 3031	0.0
Operate cutting torches or welding equipment to cut or join metal parts. O*NET Task ID 3032	0.0
Align and balance new equipment after installation. O*NET Task ID 3033	0.0
Inspect used parts to determine changes in dimensional requirements, using rules, calipers, micrometers, or other measuring instruments. O*NET Task ID 3034	0.0
Set up and operate machine tools to repair or fabricate machine parts, jigs, fixtures, or tools. O*NET Task ID 3035	0.0
Fabricate or repair counters, benches, partitions, or other wooden structures, such as sheds or outbuildings. O*NET Task ID 3037	0.0
Lay brick to repair or maintain buildings, walls, arches, or other structures. O*NET Task ID 3039	0.0
Grind and reseat valves, using valve-grinding machines. O*NET Task ID 3040	0.0
Assemble boilers at installation sites, using tools such as levels, plumb bobs, hammers, torches, or other hand tools. O*NET Task ID 19897	0.0
Install equipment to improve the energy or operational efficiency of residential or commercial buildings. O*NET Task ID 19898	0.0
Perform routine maintenance on boilers, such as replacing burners or hoses, installing replacement parts, or reinforcing structural weaknesses to ensure optimal boiler efficiency. O*NET Task ID 19899	0.0
Position, attach, or blow insulating materials to prevent energy losses from buildings, pipes, or other structures or objects. O*NET Task ID 19900	0.0
Test and treat water supply. O*NET Task ID 20148	0.0
Dismantle machines, equipment, or devices to access and remove defective parts, using hoists, cranes, hand tools, or power tools. O*NET Task ID 20670	0.0
Perform routine maintenance, such as inspecting drives, motors, or belts, checking fluid levels, replacing filters, or doing other preventive maintenance actions. O*NET Task ID 20671	0.0
Repair machines, equipment, or structures, using tools such as hammers, hoists, saws, drills, wrenches, or equipment such as precision measuring instruments or electrical or electronic testing devices. O*NET Task ID 20672	0.0
Maintain or repair specialized equipment or machinery located in cafeterias, laundries, hospitals, stores, offices, or factories. O*NET Task ID 20673	0.0
Perform general cleaning of buildings or properties. O*NET Task ID 20675	0.0
Train or manage maintenance personnel or subcontractors. O*NET Task ID 20676	0.0
Provide groundskeeping services, such as landscaping or snow removal. O*NET Task ID 20677	0.0

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

O*NET 31.0 全部任务（27 项）

本职业在 O*NET 31.0 中的全部任务（英文原文；任务类型为核心或补充）。暴露值不列在此清单中，而在上方表格里，位于各来源所用 O*NET 版本的任务表述旁。

任务（O*NET 31.0）	类型
Assemble, install, or repair wiring, electrical or electronic components, pipe systems, plumbing, machinery, or equipment.	核心
Diagnose mechanical problems and determine how to correct them, checking blueprints, repair manuals, or parts catalogs, as necessary.	核心
Inspect, operate, or test machinery or equipment to diagnose machine malfunctions.	核心
Record type and cost of maintenance or repair work.	核心
Clean or lubricate shafts, bearings, gears, or other parts of machinery.	核心
Plan and lay out repair work, using diagrams, drawings, blueprints, maintenance manuals, or schematic diagrams.	核心
Adjust functional parts of devices or control instruments, using hand tools, levels, plumb bobs, or straightedges.	核心
Paint or repair roofs, windows, doors, floors, woodwork, plaster, drywall, or other parts of building structures.	核心
Align and balance new equipment after installation.	核心
Set up and operate machine tools to repair or fabricate machine parts, jigs, fixtures, or tools.	核心
Fabricate or repair counters, benches, partitions, or other wooden structures, such as sheds or outbuildings.	核心
Install equipment to improve the energy or operational efficiency of residential or commercial buildings.	核心
Dismantle machines, equipment, or devices to access and remove defective parts, using hoists, cranes, hand tools, or power tools.	核心
Perform routine maintenance, such as inspecting drives, motors, or belts, checking fluid levels, replacing filters, or doing other preventive maintenance actions.	核心
Repair machines, equipment, or structures, using tools such as hammers, hoists, saws, drills, wrenches, or equipment such as precision measuring instruments or electrical or electronic testing devices.	核心
Maintain or repair specialized equipment or machinery located in cafeterias, laundries, hospitals, stores, offices, or factories.	核心
Order parts, supplies, or equipment from catalogs or suppliers.	核心
Perform general cleaning of buildings or properties.	核心
Train or manage maintenance personnel or subcontractors.	核心
Estimate costs to repair machinery, equipment, or building structures.	核心
Design new equipment to aid in the repair or maintenance of machines, mechanical equipment, or building structures.	核心
Operate cutting torches or welding equipment to cut or join metal parts.	补充
Inspect used parts to determine changes in dimensional requirements, using rules, calipers, micrometers, or other measuring instruments.	补充
Assemble boilers at installation sites, using tools such as levels, plumb bobs, hammers, torches, or other hand tools.	补充
Perform routine maintenance on boilers, such as replacing burners or hoses, installing replacement parts, or reinforcing structural weaknesses to ensure optimal boiler efficiency.	补充
Position, attach, or blow insulating materials to prevent energy losses from buildings, pipes, or other structures or objects.	补充
Provide groundskeeping services, such as landscaping or snow removal.	补充

Anthropic「What work can robots do?」2026-09

0.35/ 3· 机器人暴露指数

0 不可3 非结构化环境

尺度 · 母数 · 来源

对每项体力任务，按已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人能够完成它的环境评定 0–3 级（0 不可 · 1 围栏式机器单元、灌装线等机器人专用设施 · 2 医院药房、集装箱港口等受管理的设施 · 3 私人住宅、建筑工地等非结构化环境），再按工作时间占比求平均

以该职业 O*NET 29.3 任务中的体力任务为准

等级与时间占比由 Anthropic 使用 Claude Opus 5（网络搜索）估算（截至 2026 年）。

来源数据集

机器人暴露指数与本站的 AI 暴露度是不同的指标，不能相加或相互比较。该指数不代表实际采用情况或成本竞争力，0 也包括没有体力任务的职业。

每项体力任务的等级

机器人环境等级（E0–E3）

E0 机器人不可详情
评定为已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人即使在机器人专用设施中也无法完成
E1 机器人专用设施详情
评定为可在围绕机器搭建的设施中完成，例如围栏式机器单元或灌装线
E2 受管理的设施详情
评定为可在由机构按工作标准维护的人类工作设施中完成，例如医院药房或集装箱港口
E3 非结构化环境详情
评定为可在没有机构按工作标准维护的环境中完成，例如私人住宅或建筑工地

仅列出被归类为体力任务的任务；其他任务在来源中没有等级。

任务（O*NET 29.3）	机器人环境等级
Assemble, install, or repair wiring, electrical or electronic components, pipe systems, plumbing, machinery, or equipment.	E1 机器人专用设施
Diagnose mechanical problems and determine how to correct them, checking blueprints, repair manuals, or parts catalogs, as necessary.	E0 机器人不可
Inspect, operate, or test machinery or equipment to diagnose machine malfunctions.	E1 机器人专用设施
Clean or lubricate shafts, bearings, gears, or other parts of machinery.	E1 机器人专用设施
Adjust functional parts of devices or control instruments, using hand tools, levels, plumb bobs, or straightedges.	E1 机器人专用设施
Paint or repair roofs, windows, doors, floors, woodwork, plaster, drywall, or other parts of building structures.	E0 机器人不可
Align and balance new equipment after installation.	E1 机器人专用设施
Set up and operate machine tools to repair or fabricate machine parts, jigs, fixtures, or tools.	E1 机器人专用设施
Fabricate or repair counters, benches, partitions, or other wooden structures, such as sheds or outbuildings.	E0 机器人不可
Install equipment to improve the energy or operational efficiency of residential or commercial buildings.	E0 机器人不可
Dismantle machines, equipment, or devices to access and remove defective parts, using hoists, cranes, hand tools, or power tools.	E0 机器人不可
Perform routine maintenance, such as inspecting drives, motors, or belts, checking fluid levels, replacing filters, or doing other preventive maintenance actions.	E0 机器人不可
Repair machines, equipment, or structures, using tools such as hammers, hoists, saws, drills, wrenches, or equipment such as precision measuring instruments or electrical or electronic testing devices.	E0 机器人不可
Maintain or repair specialized equipment or machinery located in cafeterias, laundries, hospitals, stores, offices, or factories.	E0 机器人不可
Perform general cleaning of buildings or properties.	E0 机器人不可
Operate cutting torches or welding equipment to cut or join metal parts.	E1 机器人专用设施
Inspect used parts to determine changes in dimensional requirements, using rules, calipers, micrometers, or other measuring instruments.	E1 机器人专用设施
Assemble boilers at installation sites, using tools such as levels, plumb bobs, hammers, torches, or other hand tools.	E1 机器人专用设施
Perform routine maintenance on boilers, such as replacing burners or hoses, installing replacement parts, or reinforcing structural weaknesses to ensure optimal boiler efficiency.	E0 机器人不可
Position, attach, or blow insulating materials to prevent energy losses from buildings, pipes, or other structures or objects.	E0 机器人不可
Provide groundskeeping services, such as landscaping or snow removal.	E2 受管理的设施

就业展望（BLS）

就业人数，2025: 1.6M
预计就业人数，2035: 1.7M
变化 (2025–35): +4.2%
年薪中位数，2025: $49,590
入职通常所需学历: High school diploma or equivalent

最低 $30,890BLS EP 2025–35 中 825 个细分职业的工资中位数范围最高 $559,030

来源: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

韩国职业分类关联（KSCO）

来自 AI Changing Work 制作的 Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1 当前版本的关联。关系值从 O*NET-SOC 职业一侧解读。

KSCO 代码	KSCO 名称	关系	状态
78391	건물 수리원	本职业范围更宽	已确认
86201	건물 전기 및 전자설비 조작원	相关，但不对应	已确认

关系与状态的定义(kr-direct v1.1)

国际劳工组织（ILO）职业说明

以下 ISCO-08 职业组由 AI Changing Work 原样套用美国劳工统计局（BLS）发布的对照表（2018 SOC→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→ISCO-08）、不逐案取舍，与本职业相关联；每项关联可能是完全对应，也可能是部分对应。

ISCO-08 9622Odd Job Persons
杂务工

自行翻译

自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。

以下定义、任务和职业示例是 ILO 对该 ISCO-08 职业组的描述，而不是对本职业的描述。

Odd job persons clean, paint and maintain buildings, grounds and facilities, and undertake simple repairs.

任务

(a) repairing broken windows, screens, doors, fences, barbecues, picnic tables, shelves, cupboards and other items;
(b) replacing defective items such as light bulbs;
(c) repairing and painting interior and exterior surfaces such as walls, ceilings and fences;
(d) adjusting doors and windows;
(e) replacing tap washers;
(f) putting up handrails and grab rails;
(g) unloading coal or wood and putting it into cellars of private households or establishments.

职业示例

Handyperson · Hotel useful · Odd-job person

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO 职业词汇

以下每一项都是在已公开的ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk（第 1 版，2022 年）中与本职业逐项对应的。对应类型出自该对照表；表述出自 AI Changing Work。

handymanESCO 9622.1范围相同
Handymen perform various maintenance and repair activities for buildings, grounds and other facilities. They repair and renovate structures and components, fences, gates and roofs, assemble furniture and perform plumbing and electrical activities. They check heating and ventilation systems, air quality and humidity in the building.
building caretakerESCO 5153.1有重叠，但不相同
Building caretakers maintain and monitor the condition and security of buildings. They clean, assist with minor repairs and ensure that amenities such as heating and hot water are available to the residents. Building caretakers are responsible for the quality of buildings and also serve as a contact person for residents.

来源: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

许可: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

查看原文

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

法国职业分类关联（ROME）

本职业与 ROME 4.0 职业条目（fiche）之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。标为「暂定」的关联仅凭同一模型系列（Claude）两位判定者的判定采纳，或对其判定适用运营方规则后采纳，因此其依据弱于已确认的关联。

ROME 代码	ROME 名称（法语）	关系
I1203	Agent / Agente d'entretien du bâtiment	范围相同暂定
I1204	Agent / Agente d'entretien des piscines	本职业范围更宽
I1207	Agent / Agente de maintenance de mobilier urbain et publicitaire	本职业范围更宽暂定
I1210	Agent de maintenance qualifié / Agente de maintenance qualifiée en camping	本职业范围更宽暂定
I1212	Opérateur / Opératrice d'installation ou maintenance industrielle	相关，但不对应暂定

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

西班牙职业分类关联（CNO-11）

本职业与 CNO-11 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

CNO-11 代码	CNO-11 名称（西班牙语）	关系
7191	Mantenedores de edificios	范围相同
7403	Mecánicos y ajustadores de maquinaria agrícola e industrial	相关，但不对应

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

德国职业分类关联（KldB）

本职业与 KldB 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

KldB 代码	KldB 名称（德语）	关系
34102	Berufe in der Gebäudetechnik (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten	本职业范围更宽
25102	Berufe in der Maschinenbau- und Betriebstechnik (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten	相关，但不对应
34112	Platz- und Gerätewarte/-wartinnen - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten	相关，但不对应暂定

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

日本职业分类关联（JSCO）

本职业与 JSCO 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

JSCO 代码	JSCO 名称（日语）	关系
551	はん用・生産用・業務用機械器具整備・修理従事者	有重叠，但不相同
649	その他の定置・建設機械運転従事者	相关，但不对应

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

本页数据的来源与许可，以及 AI Changing Work 的修改与翻译说明：致谢与来源