Photographic Process Workers and Processing Machine Operators
Production Occupations- O*NET-SOC 代码
- 51-9151.00
Perform work involved in developing and processing photographic images from film or digital media. May perform precision tasks such as editing photographic negatives and prints.
- 数据来源: BLS发布时间: 2026-08
中等· 相对
低四级相对区间很高职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
四级相对类别（低 / 中等 / 高 / 很高）
以BLS就业预测表中831个细分职业为基数。取值按 NEM（全国就业矩阵）代码给定，因此共用同一 NEM 代码的职业得到相同分档
- 数据来源: Anthropic发布时间: 2026-03
0.011
0.000此处所载数值的范围0.745尺度 · 母数 · 来源
- 数据来源: ILO发布时间: 2025
0.27
0.09此处所载数值的范围0.70职业群单位数值
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
生成式AI暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1
按 ISCO-08 细类（4 位）发布的数值。按原样应用美国劳工统计局（BLS）的官方对照表（ISCO-08→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→2018 SOC）关联到本职业，对应关系为全部或部分对应
该来源发布的是什么性质的数值
BLS的类别是相对排位而非绝对水平，也不是一手测量：它把多项已发表研究给出的职业百分位排名归并为四个等级。它不是就业或工资预测，不是采用概率，也不区分自动化与增强。
Task-level exposure
仅显示有暴露的工作已评分任务 32 项 · β ≥ 0.5 的任务 23 项（71.9%）
β = 直接暴露（E1）+ 0.5 × 借助工具时的暴露（E2），依据原始代码库的定义。
- 原始单位：O*NET 27.2 任务 → O*NET 31.0 职业代码
- 已评分任务中有 5 项不在 O*NET 31.0 任务列表中，其分数按 O*NET 27.2 的发布值保留。
- 来源
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- 版本
- gh-main-0471612
- 许可
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Examine drawings, negatives, or photographic prints to determine coloring, shading, accenting, or other changes required for retouching or restoration.51-9151.00 | 0.0133100.0 | 0.0045100.0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 35 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Create prints according to customer specifications and laboratory protocols. | —0 | —0 |
Examine developed prints for defects, such as broken lines, spots, or blurs. | —0 | —0 |
Fill tanks of processing machines with solutions such as developer, dyes, stop-baths, fixers, bleaches, or washes. | —0 | —0 |
Immerse film, negatives, paper, or prints in developing solutions, fixing solutions, and water to complete photographic development processes. | —0 | —0 |
Insert processed negatives and prints into envelopes for delivery to customers. | —0 | —0 |
Load circuit boards, racks or rolls of film, negatives, or printing paper into processing or printing machines. | —0 | —0 |
Load digital images onto computers directly from cameras or from storage devices, such as flash memory cards or universal serial bus (USB) devices. | —0 | —0 |
Maintain records, such as quantities or types of processing completed, materials used, or customer charges. | —0 | —0 |
Measure and mix chemicals to prepare solutions for processing, according to formulas. | —0 | —0 |
Monitor equipment operation to detect malfunctions. | —0 | —0 |
Operate machines to prepare circuit boards and to expose, develop, etch, fix, wash, dry, or print film or plates. | —0 | —0 |
Operate scanners or related computer equipment to digitize negatives, photographic prints, or other images. | —0 | —0 |
Operate special equipment to perform tasks such as transferring film to videotape or producing photographic enlargements. | —0 | —0 |
Place sensitized paper in frames of projection printers, photostats, or other reproduction machines. | —0 | —0 |
Produce color or black-and-white photographs, negatives, or slides, applying standard photographic reproduction techniques and procedures. | —0 | —0 |
Read work orders to determine required processes, techniques, materials, or equipment. | —0 | —0 |
Reprint originals for enlargement or in sections to be pieced together. | —0 | —0 |
Retouch photographic negatives or original prints to correct defects. | —0 | —0 |
Review computer-processed digital images for quality. | —0 | —0 |
Select digital images for printing, specify number of images to be printed, and direct to printer, using computer software. | —0 | —0 |
Set automatic timers, lens openings, and printer carriages to specified focus and exposure times and start exposure to duplicate originals, photographs, or negatives. | —0 | —0 |
Set or adjust machine controls, according to specifications, type of operation, or material requirements. | —0 | —0 |
Apply paint, using airbrushes, pens, artists' brushes, cotton swabs, or gloved fingers to retouch or enhance negatives or photographs. | —0 | —0 |
Clean or maintain photoprocessing or darkroom equipment, using ultrasonic equipment or cleaning and rinsing solutions. | —0 | —0 |
Color photographs to produce natural, lifelike appearances, using oil colors and airbrushes. | —0 | —0 |
Dry prints or negatives using sponges, squeegees, mechanical air dryers, or drying cabinets. | —0 | —0 |
Examine quality of film fades or dissolves for potential color corrections, using color analyzers. | —0 | —0 |
Expose filmstrips to progressively timed lights to compare effects of various exposure times. | —0 | —0 |
Ink borders or lettering on illustrations using pens, brushes, or drafting instruments. | —0 | —0 |
Mount original photographs, negatives, or other printed material in holders or vacuum frames beneath lights. | —0 | —0 |
Produce timed prints with separate densities or color settings for each scene of a production. | —0 | —0 |
Shade negatives or photographs with pencils to smooth facial contours, soften highlights, or conceal blemishes, stray hairs, or wrinkles. | —0 | —0 |
Splice broken or separated film and mount film on reels. | —0 | —0 |
Thread filmstrips through densitometers or sensitometers and expose film to light to determine density of film, necessary color corrections, or light sensitivity. | —0 | —0 |
Upload digital images onto Web sites for customers. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Maintain records, such as quantities or types of processing completed, materials used, or customer charges.O*NET Task ID 19472 | 1.0 |
Read work orders to determine required processes, techniques, materials, or equipment.O*NET Task ID 19480 | 1.0 |
Create prints according to customer specifications and laboratory protocols.O*NET Task ID 19465 | 0.5 |
Examine developed prints for defects, such as broken lines, spots, or blurs.O*NET Task ID 19466 | 0.5 |
Load digital images onto computers directly from cameras or from storage devices, such as flash memory cards or universal serial bus (USB) devices.O*NET Task ID 19471 | 0.5 |
Operate machines to prepare circuit boards and to expose, develop, etch, fix, wash, dry, or print film or plates.O*NET Task ID 19475 | 0.5 |
Operate scanners or related computer equipment to digitize negatives, photographic prints, or other images.O*NET Task ID 19476 | 0.5 |
Operate special equipment to perform tasks such as transferring film to videotape or producing photographic enlargements.O*NET Task ID 19477 | 0.5 |
Place sensitized paper in frames of projection printers, photostats, or other reproduction machines.O*NET Task ID 19478 | 0.5 |
Produce color or black-and-white photographs, negatives, or slides, applying standard photographic reproduction techniques and procedures.O*NET Task ID 19479 | 0.5 |
Reprint originals for enlargement or in sections to be pieced together.O*NET Task ID 19481 | 0.5 |
Retouch photographic negatives or original prints to correct defects.O*NET Task ID 19482 | 0.5 |
Review computer-processed digital images for quality.O*NET Task ID 19483 | 0.5 |
Select digital images for printing, specify number of images to be printed, and direct to printer, using computer software.O*NET Task ID 19484 | 0.5 |
Set automatic timers, lens openings, and printer carriages to specified focus and exposure times and start exposure to duplicate originals, photographs, or negatives.O*NET Task ID 19485 | 0.5 |
Apply paint, using airbrushes, pens, artists' brushes, cotton swabs, or gloved fingers to retouch or enhance negatives or photographs.O*NET Task ID 19487 | 0.5 |
Examine drawings, negatives, or photographic prints to determine coloring, shading, accenting, or other changes required for retouching or restoration.O*NET Task ID 19491 | 0.5 |
Examine quality of film fades or dissolves for potential color corrections, using color analyzers.O*NET Task ID 19492 | 0.5 |
Produce timed prints with separate densities or color settings for each scene of a production.O*NET Task ID 19496 | 0.5 |
Shade negatives or photographs with pencils to smooth facial contours, soften highlights, or conceal blemishes, stray hairs, or wrinkles.O*NET Task ID 19497 | 0.5 |
Splice broken or separated film and mount film on reels.O*NET Task ID 19498 | 0.5 |
Thread filmstrips through densitometers or sensitometers and expose film to light to determine density of film, necessary color corrections, or light sensitivity.O*NET Task ID 19499 | 0.5 |
Upload digital images onto Web sites for customers.O*NET Task ID 19500 | 0.5 |
Fill tanks of processing machines with solutions such as developer, dyes, stop-baths, fixers, bleaches, or washes.O*NET Task ID 19467 | 0.0 |
Immerse film, negatives, paper, or prints in developing solutions, fixing solutions, and water to complete photographic development processes.O*NET Task ID 19468 | 0.0 |
Insert processed negatives and prints into envelopes for delivery to customers.O*NET Task ID 19469 | 0.0 |
Load circuit boards, racks or rolls of film, negatives, or printing paper into processing or printing machines.O*NET Task ID 19470 | 0.0 |
Measure and mix chemicals to prepare solutions for processing, according to formulas.O*NET Task ID 19473 | 0.0 |
Monitor equipment operation to detect malfunctions.O*NET Task ID 19474 | 0.0 |
Set or adjust machine controls, according to specifications, type of operation, or material requirements.O*NET Task ID 19486 | 0.0 |
Clean or maintain photoprocessing or darkroom equipment, using ultrasonic equipment or cleaning and rinsing solutions.O*NET Task ID 19488 | 0.0 |
Dry prints or negatives using sponges, squeegees, mechanical air dryers, or drying cabinets.O*NET Task ID 19490 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
O*NET 31.0 全部任务（27 项）
本职业在 O*NET 31.0 中的全部任务（英文原文；任务类型为核心或补充）。暴露值不列在此清单中，而在上方表格里，位于各来源所用 O*NET 版本的任务表述旁。
| 任务（O*NET 31.0） | 类型 |
|---|---|
| Create prints according to customer specifications and laboratory protocols. | 核心 |
| Examine developed prints for defects, such as broken lines, spots, or blurs. | 核心 |
| Fill tanks of processing machines with solutions such as developer, dyes, stop-baths, fixers, bleaches, or washes. | 核心 |
| Insert processed negatives and prints into envelopes for delivery to customers. | 核心 |
| Load circuit boards, racks or rolls of film, negatives, or printing paper into processing or printing machines. | 核心 |
| Load digital images onto computers directly from cameras or from storage devices, such as flash memory cards or universal serial bus (USB) devices. | 核心 |
| Maintain records, such as quantities or types of processing completed, materials used, or customer charges. | 核心 |
| Measure and mix chemicals to prepare solutions for processing, according to formulas. | 核心 |
| Monitor equipment operation to detect malfunctions. | 核心 |
| Operate scanners or related computer equipment to digitize negatives, photographic prints, or other images. | 核心 |
| Operate special equipment to perform tasks such as transferring film to videotape or producing photographic enlargements. | 核心 |
| Produce color or black-and-white photographs, negatives, or slides, applying standard photographic reproduction techniques and procedures. | 核心 |
| Read work orders to determine required processes, techniques, materials, or equipment. | 核心 |
| Reprint originals for enlargement or in sections to be pieced together. | 核心 |
| Review computer-processed digital images for quality. | 核心 |
| Select digital images for printing, specify number of images to be printed, and direct to printer, using computer software. | 核心 |
| Set or adjust machine controls, according to specifications, type of operation, or material requirements. | 核心 |
| Clean or maintain photoprocessing or darkroom equipment, using ultrasonic equipment or cleaning and rinsing solutions. | 核心 |
| Immerse film, negatives, paper, or prints in developing solutions, fixing solutions, and water to complete photographic development processes. | 补充 |
| Place sensitized paper in frames of projection printers, photostats, or other reproduction machines. | 补充 |
| Retouch photographic negatives or original prints to correct defects. | 补充 |
| Examine drawings, negatives, or photographic prints to determine coloring, shading, accenting, or other changes required for retouching or restoration. | 补充 |
| Examine quality of film fades or dissolves for potential color corrections, using color analyzers. | 补充 |
| Produce timed prints with separate densities or color settings for each scene of a production. | 补充 |
| Splice broken or separated film and mount film on reels. | 补充 |
| Thread filmstrips through densitometers or sensitometers and expose film to light to determine density of film, necessary color corrections, or light sensitivity. | 补充 |
| Upload digital images onto Web sites for customers. | 补充 |
0.94/ 3· 机器人暴露指数
尺度 · 母数 · 来源
对每项体力任务，按已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人能够完成它的环境评定 0–3 级（0 不可 · 1 围栏式机器单元、灌装线等机器人专用设施 · 2 医院药房、集装箱港口等受管理的设施 · 3 私人住宅、建筑工地等非结构化环境），再按工作时间占比求平均
以该职业 O*NET 29.3 任务中的体力任务为准
等级与时间占比由 Anthropic 使用 Claude Opus 5（网络搜索）估算（截至 2026 年）。
机器人暴露指数与本站的 AI 暴露度是不同的指标，不能相加或相互比较。该指数不代表实际采用情况或成本竞争力，0 也包括没有体力任务的职业。
每项体力任务的等级
机器人环境等级（E0–E3）
E0 机器人不可详情
评定为已实际部署、销售或演示的机器人即使在机器人专用设施中也无法完成
E1 机器人专用设施详情
评定为可在围绕机器搭建的设施中完成，例如围栏式机器单元或灌装线
E2 受管理的设施详情
评定为可在由机构按工作标准维护的人类工作设施中完成，例如医院药房或集装箱港口
E3 非结构化环境详情
评定为可在没有机构按工作标准维护的环境中完成，例如私人住宅或建筑工地
仅列出被归类为体力任务的任务；其他任务在来源中没有等级。
| 任务（O*NET 29.3） | 机器人环境等级 |
|---|---|
| Create prints according to customer specifications and laboratory protocols. | E2 受管理的设施 |
| Examine developed prints for defects, such as broken lines, spots, or blurs. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Fill tanks of processing machines with solutions such as developer, dyes, stop-baths, fixers, bleaches, or washes. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Insert processed negatives and prints into envelopes for delivery to customers. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Load circuit boards, racks or rolls of film, negatives, or printing paper into processing or printing machines. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Load digital images onto computers directly from cameras or from storage devices, such as flash memory cards or universal serial bus (USB) devices. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Measure and mix chemicals to prepare solutions for processing, according to formulas. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Monitor equipment operation to detect malfunctions. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Operate scanners or related computer equipment to digitize negatives, photographic prints, or other images. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Operate special equipment to perform tasks such as transferring film to videotape or producing photographic enlargements. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Produce color or black-and-white photographs, negatives, or slides, applying standard photographic reproduction techniques and procedures. | E2 受管理的设施 |
| Reprint originals for enlargement or in sections to be pieced together. | E2 受管理的设施 |
| Set or adjust machine controls, according to specifications, type of operation, or material requirements. | E2 受管理的设施 |
| Clean or maintain photoprocessing or darkroom equipment, using ultrasonic equipment or cleaning and rinsing solutions. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Immerse film, negatives, paper, or prints in developing solutions, fixing solutions, and water to complete photographic development processes. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Place sensitized paper in frames of projection printers, photostats, or other reproduction machines. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Retouch photographic negatives or original prints to correct defects. | E0 机器人不可 |
| Examine quality of film fades or dissolves for potential color corrections, using color analyzers. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Produce timed prints with separate densities or color settings for each scene of a production. | E2 受管理的设施 |
| Splice broken or separated film and mount film on reels. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
| Thread filmstrips through densitometers or sensitometers and expose film to light to determine density of film, necessary color corrections, or light sensitivity. | E1 机器人专用设施 |
职业信息
就业展望（BLS）
- 就业人数，2025
- 5K
- 预计就业人数，2035
- 5K
- 变化 (2025–35)
- -5.6%
- 年薪中位数，2025
- $40,610
- 入职通常所需学历
- High school diploma or equivalent
韩国职业分类关联（KSCO）
来自 AI Changing Work 制作的 Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1 当前版本的关联。关系值从 O*NET-SOC 职业一侧解读。
| KSCO 代码 | KSCO 名称 | 关系 | 状态 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 89221 | 사진 인화 및 현상기 조작원 | 本职业范围更宽 | 已确认 |
| 89229 | 그 외 사진 인화 및 현상기 조작원 | 本职业范围更宽 | 已确认 |
关系与状态的定义(kr-direct v1.1)
国际劳工组织（ILO）职业说明
以下 ISCO-08 职业组由 AI Changing Work 原样套用美国劳工统计局（BLS）发布的对照表（2018 SOC→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→ISCO-08）、不逐案取舍，与本职业相关联；每项关联可能是完全对应，也可能是部分对应。
- ISCO-08 8132Photographic Products Machine Operators
感光材料制品机器操作工
自行翻译
自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO 职业词汇
以下每一项都是在已公开的ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk（第 1 版，2022 年）中与本职业逐项对应的。对应类型出自该对照表；表述出自 AI Changing Work。
- motion picture film developerESCO 8132.1本职业范围更宽
Motion picture film developers develop film material into visible videos and material. They develop the footage into different formats, such as 65-70mm and 8mm, and presentations, such as black and white and colour. They work small cine-films per request of clients.
- photographic developerESCO 8132.2本职业范围更宽
Photographic developers use chemicals, instruments, and darkroom photographic techniques in specialised rooms in order to develop photographic films into visible images.
- photographerESCO 3431.1有重叠，但不相同
Photographers take pictures using digital or film cameras and equipment. Photographers may develop negatives or use computer software in order to produce finished images and prints.
来源: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
许可: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
法国职业分类关联（ROME）
本职业与 ROME 4.0 职业条目（fiche）之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。标为「暂定」的关联仅凭同一模型系列（Claude）两位判定者的判定采纳，或对其判定适用运营方规则后采纳，因此其依据弱于已确认的关联。
| ROME 代码 | ROME 名称（法语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| E1203 | Technicien / Technicienne de laboratoire photographique | 范围相同暂定 |
| E1202 | Opérateur / Opératrice de laboratoire cinématographique | 本职业范围更宽暂定 |
| E1209 | Responsable de laboratoire photographique | 相关，但不对应 |
| E1212 | Restaurateur / Restauratrice numérique image | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
西班牙职业分类关联（CNO-11）
本职业与 CNO-11 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| CNO-11 代码 | CNO-11 名称（西班牙语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 8133 | Operadores de laboratorios fotográficos y afines | 范围相同 |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
德国职业分类关联（KldB）
本职业与 KldB 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| KldB 代码 | KldB 名称（德语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 23312 | Berufe in der Fototechnik - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | 范围相同 |
| 23313 | Berufe in der Fototechnik - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | 相关，但不对应暂定 |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
日本职业分类关联（JSCO）
本职业与 JSCO 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。
| JSCO 代码 | JSCO 名称（日语） | 关系 |
|---|---|---|
| 591 | 生産関連作業従事者 | 本职业范围更窄 |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
本页数据的来源与许可，以及 AI Changing Work 的修改与翻译说明：致谢与来源