Etchers and Engravers

Production Occupations
O*NET-SOC 代码
51-9194.00

Engrave or etch metal, wood, rubber, or other materials. Includes such workers as etcher-circuit processors, pantograph engravers, and silk screen etchers.

  • 数据来源: BLS发布时间: 2026-08

    低· 相对

    低四级相对区间很高

    职业群单位数值

    尺度 · 母数 · 来源

    四级相对类别（低 / 中等 / 高 / 很高）

    以BLS就业预测表中831个细分职业为基数。取值按 NEM（全国就业矩阵）代码给定，因此共用同一 NEM 代码的职业得到相同分档

    来源数据集（XLSX 文件下载）

  • 数据来源: Anthropic发布时间: 2026-03

    0.000

    0.000此处所载数值的范围0.745
    尺度 · 母数 · 来源

    观测暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1

    以O*NET任务映射为基准

    按 SOC 2018 职业发布的数值；具有相同 SOC 2018 代码的所有 O*NET 职业均显示此值

    来源数据集（CSV 文件下载）

  • 数据来源: ILO发布时间: 2025

    0.18–0.28· ISCO-08 职业组 2 个

    尺度 · 母数 · 来源

    生成式AI暴露度指数，按发布原值0–1

    按 ISCO-08 细类（4 位）发布的数值。按原样应用美国劳工统计局（BLS）的官方对照表（ISCO-08→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→2018 SOC）关联到本职业，对应关系为全部或部分对应

    来源数据集（PDF 文件下载）

该来源发布的是什么性质的数值

BLS的类别是相对排位而非绝对水平，也不是一手测量：它把多项已发表研究给出的职业百分位排名归并为四个等级。它不是就业或工资预测，不是采用概率，也不区分自动化与增强。

各关联 ISCO-08 职业组的 ILO 数值
  • ISCO-08 7316Sign Writers, Decorative Painters, Engravers and Etchers0.18
  • ISCO-08 8212Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers0.28

Task-level exposure

仅显示有暴露的工作

已评分任务 30 项 · β ≥ 0.5 的任务 7 项（23.3%）

β = 直接暴露（E1）+ 0.5 × 借助工具时的暴露（E2），依据原始代码库的定义。

  • 原始单位：O*NET 27.2 任务 → O*NET 31.0 职业代码
  • 已评分任务中有 4 项不在 O*NET 31.0 任务列表中，其分数按 O*NET 27.2 的发布值保留。
来源
OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
版本
gh-main-0471612
许可
MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Task (O*NET 20.1)Claude.aiRaw / share %
Examine sketches, diagrams, samples, blueprints, or photographs to decide how designs are to be etched, cut, or engraved onto workpieces.

51-9194.00

0.0016100.0
Not observed on any surface — 31 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states.
Adjust depths and sizes of cuts by adjusting heights of worktables, or by adjusting machine-arm gauges.
—0
Engrave and print patterns, designs, etchings, trademarks, or lettering onto flat or curved surfaces of a wide variety of metal, glass, plastic, or paper items, using hand tools or hand-held power tools.
—0
Position and clamp workpieces, plates, or rollers in holding fixtures.
—0
Determine machine settings, and move bars or levers to reproduce designs on rollers or plates.
—0
Examine engraving for quality of cut, burrs, rough spots, and irregular or incomplete engraving.
—0
Measure and compute dimensions of lettering, designs, or patterns to be engraved.
—0
Start machines and lower cutting tools to beginning points on patterns.
—0
Clean and polish engraved areas.
—0
Select and mount wheels and miters on lathes, and equip lathes with water to cool wheels and prevent dust when grinding glass.
—0
Prepare etching chemicals according to formulas, diluting acid with water to obtain solutions of specified concentration.
—0
Observe actions of cutting tools through microscopes and adjust stylus movement to ensure accurate reproduction.
—0
Reduce artwork to be used, using reduction cameras.
—0
Sandblast exposed areas of glass to cut designs in surfaces, using spray guns.
—0
Set reduction scales to attain specified sizes of reproduction on workpieces, and set pantograph controls for required heights, depths, and widths of cuts.
—0
Brush or smear abrasives on cutting wheels.
—0
Neutralize workpieces to remove acid, wax, or enamel, using water, solvents, brushes, or specialized machines.
—0
Inspect etched work for depth of etching, uniformity, and defects, using calibrated microscopes, gauges, fingers, or magnifying lenses.
—0
Prepare workpieces for etching or engraving by cutting, sanding, cleaning, polishing, or treating them with wax, acid resist, lime, etching powder, or light-sensitive enamel.
—0
Insert cutting tools or bits into machines and secure them with wrenches.
—0
Print proofs or examine designs to verify accuracy of engraving, and rework engraving as required.
—0
Transfer image to workpiece, using contact printer, pantograph stylus, silkscreen printing device, or stamp pad.
—0
Sketch, trace, or scribe layout lines and designs on workpieces, plates, dies, or rollers, using compasses, scribers, gravers, or pencils.
—0
Guide stylus over template, causing cutting tool to duplicate design or letters on workpiece.
—0
Remove completed workpieces and place them in trays.
—0
Carve designs and letters onto metal for transfer to other surfaces.
—0
Remove wax or tape from etched glassware by using a stylus or knife, or by immersing ware in hot water.
—0
Select and insert required templates into pattern frames beneath the stylus of a machine cutting tool or router.
—0
Cut outlines of impressions with gravers, and remove excess material with knives.
—0
Fill etched characters with opaque paste to improve readability.
—0
Brush or wipe acid over engraving to darken or highlight inscriptions.
—0
Expose workpieces to acid to develop etch patterns such as designs, lettering, or figures.
—0

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

O*NET 31.0 全部任务（26 项）

本职业在 O*NET 31.0 中的全部任务（英文原文；任务类型为核心或补充）。暴露值不列在此清单中，而在上方表格里，位于各来源所用 O*NET 版本的任务表述旁。

任务（O*NET 31.0）类型
Clean and polish engraved areas.核心
Examine sketches, diagrams, samples, blueprints, or photographs to decide how designs are to be etched, cut, or engraved onto workpieces.核心
Inspect etched work for depth of etching, uniformity, and defects, using calibrated microscopes, gauges, fingers, or magnifying lenses.核心
Adjust depths and sizes of cuts by adjusting heights of worktables, or by adjusting machine-arm gauges.补充
Engrave and print patterns, designs, etchings, trademarks, or lettering onto flat or curved surfaces of a wide variety of metal, glass, plastic, or paper items, using hand tools or hand-held power tools.补充
Position and clamp workpieces, plates, or rollers in holding fixtures.补充
Determine machine settings, and move bars or levers to reproduce designs on rollers or plates.补充
Examine engraving for quality of cut, burrs, rough spots, and irregular or incomplete engraving.补充
Measure and compute dimensions of lettering, designs, or patterns to be engraved.补充
Start machines and lower cutting tools to beginning points on patterns.补充
Prepare etching chemicals according to formulas, diluting acid with water to obtain solutions of specified concentration.补充
Sandblast exposed areas of glass to cut designs in surfaces, using spray guns.补充
Set reduction scales to attain specified sizes of reproduction on workpieces, and set pantograph controls for required heights, depths, and widths of cuts.补充
Neutralize workpieces to remove acid, wax, or enamel, using water, solvents, brushes, or specialized machines.补充
Prepare workpieces for etching or engraving by cutting, sanding, cleaning, polishing, or treating them with wax, acid resist, lime, etching powder, or light-sensitive enamel.补充
Insert cutting tools or bits into machines and secure them with wrenches.补充
Print proofs or examine designs to verify accuracy of engraving, and rework engraving as required.补充
Transfer image to workpiece, using contact printer, pantograph stylus, silkscreen printing device, or stamp pad.补充
Sketch, trace, or scribe layout lines and designs on workpieces, plates, dies, or rollers, using compasses, scribers, gravers, or pencils.补充
Guide stylus over template, causing cutting tool to duplicate design or letters on workpiece.补充
Remove completed workpieces and place them in trays.补充
Remove wax or tape from etched glassware by using a stylus or knife, or by immersing ware in hot water.补充
Fill etched characters with opaque paste to improve readability.补充
Brush or wipe acid over engraving to darken or highlight inscriptions.补充
Expose workpieces to acid to develop etch patterns such as designs, lettering, or figures.补充
Use computer software to design patterns for engraving.补充

职业信息

就业展望（BLS）

就业人数，2025
9K
预计就业人数，2035
9K
变化 (2025–35)
-0.7%
年薪中位数，2025
$43,310
入职通常所需学历
High school diploma or equivalent
最低 $30,890BLS EP 2025–35 中 825 个细分职业的工资中位数范围最高 $559,030

来源: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

韩国职业分类关联（KSCO）

来自 AI Changing Work 制作的 Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1 当前版本的关联。关系值从 O*NET-SOC 职业一侧解读。

KSCO 代码KSCO 名称关系状态
79129그 외 귀금속 및 보석 세공원相关，但不对应已确认
85109그 외 금속 공작 기계 조작원相关，但不对应已确认

关系与状态的定义(kr-direct v1.1)

国际劳工组织（ILO）职业说明

以下 ISCO-08 职业组由 AI Changing Work 原样套用美国劳工统计局（BLS）发布的对照表（2018 SOC→2010 SOC、2010 SOC→ISCO-08）、不逐案取舍，与本职业相关联；每项关联可能是完全对应，也可能是部分对应。

  • ISCO-08 7316Sign Writers, Decorative Painters, Engravers and Etchers

    广告字书写工、装饰绘画工、雕刻工和蚀刻工

  • ISCO-08 8212Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers

    电气和电子设备装配工

自行翻译

自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO 职业词汇

以下每一项都是在已公开的ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk（第 1 版，2022 年）中与本职业逐项对应的。对应类型出自该对照表；表述出自 AI Changing Work。

  • engraving machine operatorESCO 7223.4.1本职业范围更宽

    Engraving machine operators set up, programme, and tend engraving machines designed to precisely carve a design in the surface of a metal workpiece by a diamond stylus on the mechanical cutting machine that creates small, separate printing dots existing from cut cells. They read engraving machine blueprints and tooling instructions, perform regular machine maintenance, and make adjustments to the precise engraving controls, such as the depth of the incisions and the engraving speed.

  • glass engraverESCO 7316.2本职业范围更宽

    Glass engravers engrave lettering and ornamental designs onto glass articles, using engravers hand tools. They sketch and lay out the lettering and designs on the article, cut the design in the article and finish it.

  • jewellery engraverESCO 7313.1.3本职业范围更宽

    Jewellery engravers engrave lettering and ornamental designs onto jewellery articles, using engravers handtools. They sketch and lay out the lettering and designs on the article, cut the design in the article and clean it up.

  • metal engraverESCO 7316.3本职业范围更宽

    Metal engravers make incisions of a design onto a metal surface by carving grooves into it, usually for decorative purposes, including metal weaponry. To cut the design into the surface they use tools such as gravers or burins.

  • printmakerESCO 2651.9本职业范围更宽

    Printmakers engrave or etch metal, wood, rubber or other materials to create images which are transported onto surfaces, generally using a printing press. Printmakers often use tools such as etcher-circuit processors, pantograph engravers, and silk screen etchers.

  • screen making technicianESCO 7321.1.5本职业范围更宽

    Screen making technicians engrave or etch screens for textile printing.

  • stone engraverESCO 7113.1.1本职业范围更宽

    Stone engravers use hand tools, machines and chemical products to etch and carve patterns and inscriptions on stone surfaces.

  • paper embosing press operatorESCO 7322.6有重叠，但不相同

    Paper embossing press operators use a press to raise or recess certain areas of the medium, so as to create relief on the print. Two matching engraved dies are placed around the paper and pressure is applied to change the surface of the material.

来源: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

许可: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

查看原文

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

法国职业分类关联（ROME）

本职业与 ROME 4.0 职业条目（fiche）之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。标为「暂定」的关联仅凭同一模型系列（Claude）两位判定者的判定采纳，或对其判定适用运营方规则后采纳，因此其依据弱于已确认的关联。

ROME 代码ROME 名称（法语）关系
B1303Graveur / Graveuse d'art有重叠，但不相同暂定
E1306Opérateur / Opératrice de prépresse相关，但不对应暂定
E1316Conducteur / Conductrice de machines à sérigraphier相关，但不对应暂定

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

西班牙职业分类关联（CNO-11）

本职业与 CNO-11 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

CNO-11 代码CNO-11 名称（西班牙语）关系
7616Rotulistas, grabadores de vidrio, pintores decorativos de artículos diversos有重叠，但不相同
7122Canteros, tronzadores, labrantes y grabadores de piedras相关，但不对应
7621Trabajadores de procesos de preimpresión相关，但不对应

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

德国职业分类关联（KldB）

本职业与 KldB 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

KldB 代码KldB 名称（德语）关系
93532Berufe in der Gravur - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten本职业范围更宽
93533Berufe in der Gravur - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten本职业范围更宽暂定
24302Berufe in der Metalloberflächenbehandlung (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten相关，但不对应

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

日本职业分类关联（JSCO）

本职业与 JSCO 职业之间的关联，由 AI Changing Work 借助 AI 模型判定。关系从本职业一侧解读。

JSCO 代码JSCO 名称（日语）关系
527金属彫刻・表面処理従事者相关，但不对应
537印刷・製本従事者相关，但不对应
539その他の製品製造・加工処理従事者（金属製品を除く）相关，但不对应

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

本页数据的来源与许可，以及 AI Changing Work 的修改与翻译说明：致谢与来源