Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
Task
βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Direct and coordinate activities of businesses or departments concerned with the production, pricing, sales, or distribution of products.Details
O*NET Task ID 933
0.5
Develop or implement product-marketing strategies, including advertising campaigns or sales promotions.Details
O*NET Task ID 945
0.5
Direct non-merchandising departments of businesses, such as advertising or purchasing.Details
O*NET Task ID 947
0.5
Recommend locations for new facilities, or oversee the remodeling or renovating of current facilities.Details
O*NET Task ID 948
0.5
Plan store layouts or design displays.Details
O*NET Task ID 949
0.5
Implement or oversee environmental management or sustainability programs addressing issues such as recycling, conservation, or waste management.Details
O*NET Task ID 19501
0.5
Review financial statements, sales or activity reports, or other performance data to measure productivity or goal achievement or to identify areas needing cost reduction or program improvement.Details
O*NET Task ID 20699
0.5
Direct administrative activities directly related to making products or providing services.Details
O*NET Task ID 20700
0.5
Prepare staff work schedules and assign specific duties.Details
O*NET Task ID 20701
0.5
Monitor suppliers to ensure that they efficiently and effectively provide needed goods or services within budgetary limits.Details
O*NET Task ID 20702
0.5
Direct or coordinate financial or budget activities to fund operations, maximize investments, or increase efficiency.Details
O*NET Task ID 20703
0.5
Establish or implement departmental policies, goals, objectives, or procedures in conjunction with board members, organization officials, or staff members.Details
O*NET Task ID 20704
0.5
Perform personnel functions, such as selection, training, or evaluation.Details
O*NET Task ID 20705
0.5
Plan or direct activities, such as sales promotions, that require coordination with other department managers.Details
O*NET Task ID 20706
0.5
Set prices or credit terms for goods or services, based on forecasts of customer demand.Details
O*NET Task ID 20707
0.5
Manage the movement of goods into and out of production facilities to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, or sustainability of operations.Details
O*NET Task ID 20708
0.5
Perform sales floor work, such as greeting or assisting customers, stocking shelves, or taking inventory.Details
O*NET Task ID 944
0.0
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
Occupation information
ILO occupational description
Managing Directors and Chief Executives
董事总经理和首席执行官
自行翻译
自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。
Managing directors and chief executives formulate and review the policies and plan, direct, coordinate and evaluate the overall activities of enterprises or organizations (except special-interest organizations and government departments) with the support of other managers, usually within guidelines established by a board of directors or a governing body to whom they are answerable for the operations undertaken and results.
Tasks
(a) planning, directing and coordinating the general functioning of an enterprise or organization;
(b) reviewing the operations and results of the enterprise, or organization and reporting to boards of directors and governing bodies;
(c) determining objectives, strategies, policies and programmes for the enterprise or organization;
(d) providing overall leadership and management to the enterprise or organization;
(e) establishing and managing budgets, controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources;
(f) authorising material, human and financial resources to implement organizational policies and programmes;
(g) monitoring and evaluating performance of the organization or enterprise against established objectives and policies;
(h) consulting with senior subordinate staff and reviewing recommendations and reports;
(i) representing the organization at official occasions and board meetings, in negotiations, at conventions, seminars, public hearings and forums;
(j) selecting or approving the selection of senior staff;
(k) ensuring the organization complies with relevant legislation and regulations.
Example occupations
Chief executive · Managing director · Regional manager
Public employment service managers supervise the operations of a public employment agency. They oversee the staff that helps people find employment or provide occupational guidance.
airport chief executiveESCO 1120.3.1
Airport chief executives lead a group of airport directors who are responsible for all areas of the airport. They envision and make decisions on the strategic direction of the airport based on the information provided by their team of managers.
chief executive officerESCO 1120.3
Chief executive officers hold the highest ranking in a pyramidal corporate structure. They are able to hold a complete idea of the functioning of the business, its departments, risks, and stakeholders. They analyse different kinds of information and create links among them for decision-making purposes. They serve as a communication link with the board of directors for reporting and implementation of the overall strategy.
animal facility managerESCO 1120.1
Animal facility managers coordinate and plan all activities of a zoo. They formulate policies, manage daily operations, and plan the use of materials and human resources. They are the driving force and public face of their institution. This often involves representing their institution on a national, regional and global scale and taking part in coordinated zoo activities.
chief operating officerESCO 1120.4
Chief operating officers are the right hand and second in command of a company's chief executive officer. They ensure that the daily operations of the company run smoothly. Chief operating officers also develop company policies, rules and goals.
Source:European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
Shown in the original Korean. This dataset is published under KOGL Type 4, which prohibits derivative works including translation, so the text is reproduced unaltered.
인적자원 관리(99) · 판단과 의사결정(98) · 조직체계의 분석 및 평가(97) · 협상(96) · 사람 파악(95)
Knowledge
경영 및 행정(90) · 인사(82) · 법(82) · 사회와 인류(81) · 사무(76)
Work environment
이미지/평판/재정에 미치는 영향력(98) · 의사결정 권한(98) · 결과에 대한 책임(97) · 이미지/평판/재정에 미치는 강도(96) · 의사결정 가능성(96)
Related occupations
기업 대표 및 기업 고위 임원
The KNOW occupations and KECO codes listed here were linked to this page's occupation by this site; this is not a correspondence defined by the Korea Employment Information Service or the Ministry of Employment and Labor.
Projected change: +5%
Median wage: $106K
lowest $31Kmedian wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559K
