Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
Task
βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Compute taxes owed or overpaid, using adding machines or personal computers, and complete entries on forms, following tax form instructions and tax tables.Details
O*NET Task ID 7358
1.0
Calculate form preparation fees according to return complexity and processing time required.Details
O*NET Task ID 7365
1.0
Check data input or verify totals on forms prepared by others to detect errors in arithmetic, data entry, or procedures.Details
O*NET Task ID 7366
1.0
Prepare or assist in preparing simple to complex tax returns for individuals or small businesses.Details
O*NET Task ID 7359
0.5
Use all appropriate adjustments, deductions, and credits to keep clients' taxes to a minimum.Details
O*NET Task ID 7360
0.5
Interview clients to obtain additional information on taxable income and deductible expenses and allowances.Details
O*NET Task ID 7361
0.5
Review financial records, such as income statements and documentation of expenditures to determine forms needed to prepare tax returns.Details
O*NET Task ID 7362
0.5
Furnish taxpayers with sufficient information and advice to ensure correct tax form completion.Details
O*NET Task ID 7363
0.5
Consult tax law handbooks or bulletins to determine procedures for preparation of atypical returns.Details
O*NET Task ID 7364
0.5
Answer questions and provide future tax planning to clients.Details
O*NET Task ID 20363
0.5
Explain federal and state tax laws to individuals and companies.Details
O*NET Task ID 20364
0.5
Schedule appointments with clients.Details
O*NET Task ID 21165
0.5
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
职业信息
国际劳工组织（ILO）职业说明
Accountants
会计师
自行翻译
自行翻译 · 非 ISCO 官方词汇 — 未经国际劳工组织审核。
Accountants plan, organize and administer accounting systems for individuals and establishments. Some occupations classified here examine and analyse the accounting and financial records of individuals and establishments to ensure accuracy and compliance with established accounting standards and procedures.
任务
(a) advising on, planning and installing budgetary, accounts controlling and other accounting policies and systems;
(b) preparing and certifying financial statements for presentation to management, shareholders and statutory or other bodies;
(c) preparing tax returns, advising on taxation problems and contesting disputed claims before tax officials;
(d) preparing or reporting on profit forecasts and budgets;
(e) conducting financial investigations in such matters as suspected fraud, insolvency and bankruptcy;
(f) auditing accounts and bookkeeping records;
(g) conducting investigations and advising management on financial aspects of productivity, stockholdings, sales, new products, etc.;
(h) devising and controlling a system to determine unit cost of products and services.
Financial auditors collect and examine financial data for clients, organisations and companies. They ensure the financial data is properly maintained and free of material misstatements due to error or fraud, that it adds up, and functions legally and effectively. They review lending and credit policies or numbers in databases and documents, evaluate, consult and assist the source of the transaction if necessary. They use their review of the client's financial governance as assurance to give testimony to the shareholders, stakeholders and board of directors of the organisation or company that all is up to par.
budget analystESCO 2411.1.4
Budget analysts monitor the spending activities of public and private institutions and companies. They prepare budget reports, review the budget model used in the company and ensure compliance with the budgeting policies and other legal regulations.
tax advisorESCO 2411.1.12
Tax advisors use their expertise in tax legislation to provide commercially-focused advisory and consultancy services to a wide range of clients from all economic sectors. They explain complicated tax-related legislation to their clients and assist them in ensuring the most efficient and beneficial payment of taxes by devising tax-efficient strategies. They also inform them of fiscal changes and developments and may specialise in tax strategies concerning mergers or multinational reconstruction for business clients, trust and estate taxes for individual clients etc.
financial controllerESCO 2411.1.8
Financial controllers handle all tasks related to the budgeting and accounting aspects of a company or organisation. They implement and ensure compliance with internal financial and accounting procedures, and prepare documentation for external audits. They collect information related to financial statements such as assets, liabilities, equity, and cash flow in order to assess the company's financial position to prepare annual budgets and forecasts.
public finance accountantESCO 2411.1.11
Public finance accountants head the treasury department of a governmental institution. They manage the institution's financial administration, expenditure and income generation, and compliance with taxation and other financial legislation. They perform administrative duties to ensure record keeping, develop plans for budget management and perform financial forecasts.
cost analystESCO 2411.1.5
Cost analysts prepare regular costs, budgeting analyses and reports in order to contribute to the overall cost planning and forecasting activities of a business. They review and reconcile key balance sheets and identify new opportunities to save costs.
grants management officerESCO 2411.1.10
Grants management officers work professionally in the administration and management of grant funds. They look at grant applications from individuals, charities, community groups or university research departments and decide whether to award funding given out by charitable trusts, government or public bodies or not. However, sometimes they may refer the grant application to a senior officer or committee.
financial fraud examinerESCO 2411.1.9
Financial fraud examiners undertake anti-fraud investigations including financial statement irregularities, securities fraud and market abuse detection. They manage fraud risk assessments and prepare forensic reports including the analysis and verification of evidence. Financial fraud examiners liaise with regulatory bodies.
accounting analystESCO 2411.1.1
Accounting analysts evaluate the financial statements of clients, usually companies, which include the income sheet, the balance sheet, the statement of cash flows and additional notes to other financial statements. They interpret and implement new accounting systems and accounting procedures and will analyse and determine if the proposed systems conform to accounting regulations and meet user information requirements.
audit supervisorESCO 2411.1.2
Audit supervisors oversee audit staff, planning and reporting, and review the audit staff's automated audit work papers to ensure compliance with the company's methodology. They prepare reports, evaluate general auditing and operating practices, and communicate findings to the superior management.
bankruptcy trusteeESCO 2411.1.3
Bankruptcy trustees administer a client's bankruptcy case, investigate legal documentation for fraud possibilities and manage the money received from the sale of non-exempt property so as to distribute it to the owed creditors.
dividend analystESCO 2411.1.6
Dividend analysts calculate and allocate dividends and interest incomes of a company's earnings to a category of its shareholders. They assess business systems and processes in order to identify user needs and to deliver appropriate solutions. They also undertake dividend forecasts on amounts and payment schedules and identify potential risks, based on their financial and market price expertise.
来源:European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
Shown in the original Korean. This dataset is published under KOGL Type 4, which prohibits derivative works including translation, so the text is reproduced unaltered.
움직이는 기계(99) · 치열한 경쟁(98) · 마감시간(95) · 의사결정 권한(94) · 의사결정 가능성(93)
Related occupations
회계사 · 관세사 · 세무사
The KNOW occupations and KECO codes listed here were linked to this page's occupation by this site; this is not a correspondence defined by the Korea Employment Information Service or the Ministry of Employment and Labor.
Projected change: +4.7%
Median wage: $55K
lowest $31Kmedian wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559K
Employment: 96K
Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent
