Treasurers and Controllers
Management Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 11-3031.01
Direct financial activities, such as planning, procurement, and investments for all or part of an organization.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.391
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.37–0.47· 2 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 1211Finance Managers0.37
- ISCO-08 1346Financial and Insurance Services Branch managers0.47
Task-level exposure
Show 12 hidden tasks22 rated tasks · 21 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (95.5%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Maintain current knowledge of organizational policies and procedures, federal and state policies and directives, and current accounting standards.11-3031.01 | 0.027233.1 |
Analyze the financial details of past, present, and expected operations to identify development opportunities and areas where improvement is needed.11-3031.01 | 0.015819.1 |
Receive, record, and authorize requests for disbursements in accordance with company policies and procedures.11-3031.01 | 0.013216.0 |
Prepare or direct preparation of financial statements, business activity reports, financial position forecasts, annual budgets, or reports required by regulatory agencies.11-3031.01 | 0.00779.3 |
Advise management on short-term and long-term financial objectives, policies, and actions.11-3031.01 | 0.00394.7 |
Develop internal control policies, guidelines, and procedures for activities such as budget administration, cash and credit management, and accounting.11-3031.01 | 0.00384.6 |
Provide direction and assistance to other organizational units regarding accounting and budgeting policies and procedures and efficient control and utilization of financial resources.11-3031.01 | 0.00364.4 |
Compute, withhold, and account for all payroll deductions.11-3031.01 | 0.00273.3 |
Delegate authority for the receipt, disbursement, banking, protection, and custody of funds, securities, and financial instruments.11-3031.01 | 0.00232.8 |
Determine depreciation rates to apply to capitalized items and advise management on actions regarding the purchase, lease, or disposal of such items.11-3031.01 | 0.00212.5 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Prepare and file annual tax returns or prepare financial information so that outside accountants can complete tax returns.O*NET Task ID 8855 | 0.5 |
Prepare or direct preparation of financial statements, business activity reports, financial position forecasts, annual budgets, or reports required by regulatory agencies.O*NET Task ID 8856 | 0.5 |
Supervise employees performing financial reporting, accounting, billing, collections, payroll, and budgeting duties.O*NET Task ID 8857 | 0.5 |
Delegate authority for the receipt, disbursement, banking, protection, and custody of funds, securities, and financial instruments.O*NET Task ID 8858 | 0.5 |
Maintain current knowledge of organizational policies and procedures, federal and state policies and directives, and current accounting standards.O*NET Task ID 8859 | 0.5 |
Conduct or coordinate audits of company accounts and financial transactions to ensure compliance with state and federal requirements and statutes.O*NET Task ID 8860 | 0.5 |
Receive, record, and authorize requests for disbursements in accordance with company policies and procedures.O*NET Task ID 8861 | 0.5 |
Monitor and evaluate the performance of accounting and other financial staff, recommending and implementing personnel actions, such as promotions and dismissals.O*NET Task ID 8863 | 0.5 |
Develop and maintain relationships with banking, insurance, and external accounting personnel to facilitate financial activities.O*NET Task ID 8864 | 0.5 |
Coordinate and direct the financial planning, budgeting, procurement, or investment activities of all or part of an organization.O*NET Task ID 8865 | 0.5 |
Develop internal control policies, guidelines, and procedures for activities, such as budget administration, cash and credit management, and accounting.O*NET Task ID 8866 | 0.5 |
Analyze the financial details of past, present, and expected operations to identify development opportunities and areas where improvement is needed.O*NET Task ID 8867 | 0.5 |
Advise management on short-term and long-term financial objectives, policies, and actions.O*NET Task ID 8868 | 0.5 |
Provide direction and assistance to other organizational units regarding accounting and budgeting policies and procedures and efficient control and utilization of financial resources.O*NET Task ID 8869 | 0.5 |
Evaluate needs for procurement of funds and investment of surpluses and make appropriate recommendations.O*NET Task ID 8870 | 0.5 |
Lead staff training and development in budgeting and financial management areas.O*NET Task ID 8871 | 0.5 |
Compute, withhold, and account for all payroll deductions.O*NET Task ID 8873 | 0.5 |
Perform tax planning work.O*NET Task ID 8874 | 0.5 |
Determine depreciation rates to apply to capitalized items and advise management on actions regarding the purchase, lease, or disposal of such items.O*NET Task ID 8875 | 0.5 |
Monitor financial activities and details, such as cash flow and reserve levels, to ensure that all legal and regulatory requirements are met.O*NET Task ID 20168 | 0.5 |
Handle all aspects of employee insurance, benefits, and casualty programs, including monitoring changes in health insurance regulations and creating budgets for benefits and worker's compensation.O*NET Task ID 20169 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (22)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Prepare or direct preparation of financial statements, business activity reports, financial position forecasts, annual budgets, or reports required by regulatory agencies. | Core |
| Delegate authority for the receipt, disbursement, banking, protection, and custody of funds, securities, and financial instruments. | Core |
| Maintain current knowledge of organizational policies and procedures, federal and state policies and directives, and current accounting standards. | Core |
| Receive, record, and authorize requests for disbursements in accordance with company policies and procedures. | Core |
| Monitor and evaluate the performance of accounting and other financial staff, recommending and implementing personnel actions, such as promotions and dismissals. | Core |
| Develop and maintain relationships with banking, insurance, and external accounting personnel to facilitate financial activities. | Core |
| Coordinate and direct the financial planning, budgeting, procurement, or investment activities of all or part of an organization. | Core |
| Develop internal control policies, guidelines, and procedures for activities, such as budget administration, cash and credit management, and accounting. | Core |
| Analyze the financial details of past, present, and expected operations to identify development opportunities and areas where improvement is needed. | Core |
| Advise management on short-term and long-term financial objectives, policies, and actions. | Core |
| Evaluate needs for procurement of funds and investment of surpluses and make appropriate recommendations. | Core |
| Receive cash and checks and make deposits. | Core |
| Monitor financial activities and details, such as cash flow and reserve levels, to ensure that all legal and regulatory requirements are met. | Core |
| Prepare and file annual tax returns or prepare financial information so that outside accountants can complete tax returns. | Supplemental |
| Supervise employees performing financial reporting, accounting, billing, collections, payroll, and budgeting duties. | Supplemental |
| Conduct or coordinate audits of company accounts and financial transactions to ensure compliance with state and federal requirements and statutes. | Supplemental |
| Provide direction and assistance to other organizational units regarding accounting and budgeting policies and procedures and efficient control and utilization of financial resources. | Supplemental |
| Lead staff training and development in budgeting and financial management areas. | Supplemental |
| Compute, withhold, and account for all payroll deductions. | Supplemental |
| Perform tax planning work. | Supplemental |
| Determine depreciation rates to apply to capitalized items and advise management on actions regarding the purchase, lease, or disposal of such items. | Supplemental |
| Handle all aspects of employee insurance, benefits, and casualty programs, including monitoring changes in health insurance regulations and creating budgets for benefits and worker's compensation. | Supplemental |
0.01/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Receive cash and checks and make deposits. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 11-3031 group (Financial managers), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 880K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 965K
- Change (2025–35)
- +9.7%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $166,570
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12123 | 재무 관리자 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 1211Finance Managers
- ISCO-08 1346Financial and Insurance Services Branch managers
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- corporate treasurerESCO 1211.1.4Same scope
Corporate treasurers determine and oversee the financial strategic policies of a company or organisation. They use cash management techniques like account organisation, cash flow monitoring, liquidity planning and control, risk management including currency and commodity risks and maintain close connection with banks and rating agencies.
- financial managerESCO 1211.1This occupation is narrower
Financial managers handle all the matters in reference to the finance and investments of a company. They manage financial operations of companies such as the assets, liabilities, equity and cash flow aiming to maintain the financial health of the company and operative viability. Financial managers evaluate the strategic plans of the company in financial terms, maintain transparent financial operations for taxation and auditing bodies, and create the financial statements of the company at the end of the fiscal year.
- bank treasurerESCO 1211.1.2This occupation is broader
Bank treasurers oversee all aspects of the financial management of a bank. They manage the liquidity and solvency of the bank. They manage and present current budgets, revise financial forecasts, prepare accounts for audit, manage the bank's accounts and maintain accurate record-keeping of financial documentation.
- public finance accountantESCO 2411.1.11This occupation is broader
Public finance accountants head the treasury department of a governmental institution. They manage the institution's financial administration, expenditure and income generation, and compliance with taxation and other financial legislation. They perform administrative duties to ensure record keeping, develop plans for budget management and perform financial forecasts.
- financial controllerESCO 2411.1.8Overlapping, not the same
Financial controllers handle all tasks related to the budgeting and accounting aspects of a company or organisation. They implement and ensure compliance with internal financial and accounting procedures, and prepare documentation for external audits. They collect information related to financial statements such as assets, liabilities, equity, and cash flow in order to assess the company's financial position to prepare annual budgets and forecasts.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| M1206 | Responsable comptabilité | This occupation is broader |
| M1207 | Trésorier / Trésorière | This occupation is broader |
| K1512 | Chef / Cheffe de poste du Trésor public | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| M1215 | Contrôleur comptable et financier / Contrôleuse comptable et financière | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| M1208 | Directeur / Directrice du contrôle de gestion | Overlapping, not the same |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 1211 | Directores financieros | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 72294 | Führungskräfte - Rechnungswesen, Controlling und Revision | This occupation is narrower |
| 72214 | Berufe in der Buchhaltung - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 73284 | Berufe in der öffentlichen Verwaltung (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 031 | 会社管理職員 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 021 | 会社役員 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources