Blockchain Engineers
Computer and Mathematical Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 15-1299.07
Maintain and support distributed and decentralized blockchain-based networks or block-chain applications such as cryptocurrency exchange, payment processing, document sharing, and digital voting. Design and deploy secure block-chain design patterns and solutions over geographically distributed networks using advanced technologies. May assist with infrastructure setup and testing for application transparency and security.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.311
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.43–0.55· 3 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 2519Software and Applications Developers and Analysts Not Elsewhere Classified0.55
- ISCO-08 2529Database and Network Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified0.49
- ISCO-08 3511Information and Communications Technology Operations Technicians0.43
Task-level exposure
17 rated tasks · 17 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (100.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Assess blockchain threats, such as untested code and unprotected keys.O*NET Task ID 21806 | 1.0 |
Automate the deployment of software updates over geographically distributed network nodes.O*NET Task ID 21807 | 1.0 |
Design and deploy blockchain design patterns to make transactions secure, transparent, and immutable.O*NET Task ID 21808 | 1.0 |
Design and develop blockchain technologies for industries such as finance and music.O*NET Task ID 21809 | 1.0 |
Design and implement data repositories to integrate data.O*NET Task ID 21811 | 1.0 |
Design and verify cryptographic protocols to protect private information.O*NET Task ID 21812 | 1.0 |
Determine specifications for, or implement, logging.O*NET Task ID 21813 | 1.0 |
Develop a maintainable code base using object-oriented design principles, practices, or patterns.O*NET Task ID 21814 | 1.0 |
Discuss and plan systems with solution architects, system engineers, or cybersecurity experts to meet customer requirements.O*NET Task ID 21815 | 1.0 |
Discuss data needs with engineers, product managers, or data scientists to identify blockchain requirements.O*NET Task ID 21816 | 1.0 |
Evaluate blockchain processes or risks based on security assessments or control matrix reviews.O*NET Task ID 21817 | 1.0 |
Evaluate new blockchain technologies and vendor products.O*NET Task ID 21818 | 1.0 |
Implement catastrophic failure handlers to identify security breaches and prevent serious damage.O*NET Task ID 21819 | 1.0 |
Run infrastructure tests to examine the behavior of large peer-to-peer networks.O*NET Task ID 21820 | 1.0 |
Test the security and performance of blockchain infrastructures.O*NET Task ID 21821 | 1.0 |
Update client and server applications responsible for integration and business logic.O*NET Task ID 21822 | 1.0 |
Design and implement dashboard and data visualizations to meet customer reporting needs.O*NET Task ID 21810 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (17)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Assess blockchain threats, such as untested code and unprotected keys. | Core |
| Automate the deployment of software updates over geographically distributed network nodes. | Core |
| Design and deploy blockchain design patterns to make transactions secure, transparent, and immutable. | Core |
| Design and develop blockchain technologies for industries such as finance and music. | Core |
| Design and implement dashboard and data visualizations to meet customer reporting needs. | Core |
| Design and implement data repositories to integrate data. | Core |
| Design and verify cryptographic protocols to protect private information. | Core |
| Determine specifications for, or implement, logging. | Core |
| Develop a maintainable code base using object-oriented design principles, practices, or patterns. | Core |
| Discuss and plan systems with solution architects, system engineers, or cybersecurity experts to meet customer requirements. | Core |
| Discuss data needs with engineers, product managers, or data scientists to identify blockchain requirements. | Core |
| Evaluate blockchain processes or risks based on security assessments or control matrix reviews. | Core |
| Evaluate new blockchain technologies and vendor products. | Core |
| Implement catastrophic failure handlers to identify security breaches and prevent serious damage. | Core |
| Run infrastructure tests to examine the behavior of large peer-to-peer networks. | Core |
| Test the security and performance of blockchain infrastructures. | Core |
| Update client and server applications responsible for integration and business logic. | Core |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 15-1299 group (Computer occupations, all other), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 471K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 495K
- Change (2025–35)
- +5.1%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $116,580
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22239 | 그 외 응용 소프트웨어 개발자 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2519Software and Applications Developers and Analysts Not Elsewhere Classified
- ISCO-08 2529Database and Network Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified
- ISCO-08 3511Information and Communications Technology Operations Technicians
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
ISCO-08 2519
- ICT test analystESCO 2519.5
ICT test analysts work in testing environments, assessing products, checking for quality and accuracy, or creating tests scripts. They design tests which are then implemented by testers.
- ICT disaster recovery analystESCO 2519.3
ICT disaster recovery analysts develop, maintain, and implement ICT continuity and disaster recovery strategies and solutions. They support the technical teams, assess the risks, design and develop procedures, documentation and strategies for disaster recovery in order for business functions to continue and recover with a minimal loss of data. They also coordinate the system backups tests and validations.
- software testerESCO 2519.6
Software testers perform software tests. They may also plan and design them. They may also debug and repair software although this mainly corresponds to designers and developers. They ensure that applications function properly before delivering them to internal and external clients.
- digital games testerESCO 2519.6.1
Digital games testers review and test various genres of digital games by playing them in order to find bugs and glitches within the game's functionality or graphics. They may evaluate the capacity of attraction and playability of games. They may also debug the games themselves.
+7 more
ISCO-08 2529
- ICT security administratorESCO 2529.5
ICT security administrators plan and carry out security measures to protect information and data from unauthorised access, deliberate attack, theft and corruption.
- digital forensics expertESCO 2529.2
Digital forensics experts retrieve and analyse information from computers and other types of data storage devices. They examine digital media that may have been hidden, encrypted or damaged, in a forensic manner with the aim to identify, preserve, recover, analyse and present facts and opinions about the digital information.
- ICT security consultantESCO 2529.6
ICT security consultants advise and implement solutions to control access to data and programs. They promote a safe exchange of information.
- chief ICT security officerESCO 2529.1
Chief ICT security officers protect company and employee information against unauthorized access. They also define the Information System security policy, manage security deployment across all Information Systems and ensure the provision of information availability.
+4 more
ISCO-08 3511
- data centre operatorESCO 3511.1
Data centre operators maintain computer operations within the data centre. They manage daily activities within the centre to solve problems, maintain the system availability, and evaluate the system's performance.
ESCO occupations that ESCO classifies under the ISCO-08 unit groups linked above; they are not matched to this occupation one by one.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| M1865 | Ingénieur / Ingénieure blockchain | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| M1877 | Développeur / Développeuse blockchain | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2712 | Analistas y diseñadores de software | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 2729 | Especialistas en bases de datos y en redes informáticas no clasificados bajo otros epígrafes | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 43414 | Berufe in der Softwareentwicklung - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 104 | ソフトウェア作成者 | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources