Computer Systems Engineers/Architects
Computer and Mathematical Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 15-1299.08
Design and develop solutions to complex applications problems, system administration issues, or network concerns. Perform systems management and integration functions.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.311
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.43–0.55· 3 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 2519Software and Applications Developers and Analysts Not Elsewhere Classified0.55
- ISCO-08 2529Database and Network Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified0.49
- ISCO-08 3511Information and Communications Technology Operations Technicians0.43
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only28 rated tasks · 28 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (100.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 30.2) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Provide technical guidance or support for the development or troubleshooting of systems.15-1299.08 | 0.480048.5 | 0.07004.9 |
Evaluate existing systems to determine effectiveness, and suggest changes to meet organizational requirements.15-1299.08 | 0.08008.1 | 0.04002.8 |
Monitor system operation to detect potential problems.15-1299.08 | 0.07007.1 | 0.670046.9 |
Document design specifications, installation instructions, and other system-related information.15-1299.08 | 0.06006.1 | 0.05003.5 |
Investigate system component suitability for specified purposes, and make recommendations regarding component use.15-1299.08 | 0.06006.1 | 0.04002.8 |
Develop application-specific software.15-1299.08 | 0.06006.1 | 0.04002.8 |
Develop system engineering, software engineering, system integration, or distributed system architectures.15-1299.08 | 0.05005.1 | 0.01000.7 |
Communicate project information through presentations, technical reports, or white papers.15-1299.08 | 0.03003.0 | 0.01000.7 |
Perform security analyses of developed or packaged software components.15-1299.08 | 0.02002.0 | 0.420029.4 |
Configure servers to meet functional specifications.15-1299.08 | 0.02002.0 | 0.02001.4 |
Develop or approve project plans, schedules, or budgets.15-1299.08 | 0.02002.0 | 0.01000.7 |
Provide advice on project costs, design concepts, or design changes.15-1299.08 | 0.02002.0 | 0.00000.0 |
Evaluate current or emerging technologies to consider factors such as cost, portability, compatibility, or usability.15-1299.08 | 0.01001.0 | 0.02001.4 |
Perform ongoing hardware and software maintenance operations, including installing or upgrading hardware or software.15-1299.08 | 0.01001.0 | 0.02001.4 |
Research, test, or verify proper functioning of software patches and fixes.15-1299.08 | 0.00000.0 | 0.01000.7 |
Communicate with staff or clients to understand specific system requirements.15-1299.08 | 0.00000.0 | 0.00000.0 |
Collaborate with engineers or software developers to select appropriate design solutions or ensure the compatibility of system components.15-1299.08 | 0.00000.0 | —0 |
Define and analyze objectives, scope, issues, or organizational impact of information systems.15-1299.08 | 0.00000.0 | —0 |
Complete models and simulations, using manual or automated tools, to analyze or predict system performance under different operating conditions.15-1299.08 | 0.00000.0 | —0 |
Verify stability, interoperability, portability, security, or scalability of system architecture. | —0 | 0.00000.0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 8 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Identify system data, hardware, or software components required to meet user needs. | —0 | —0 |
Provide customers or installation teams guidelines for implementing secure systems. | —0 | —0 |
Direct the analysis, development, and operation of complete computer systems. | —0 | —0 |
Design and conduct hardware or software tests. | —0 | —0 |
Establish functional or system standards to address operational requirements, quality requirements, and design constraints. | —0 | —0 |
Direct the installation of operating systems, network or application software, or computer or network hardware. | —0 | —0 |
Train system users in system operation or maintenance. | —0 | —0 |
Develop efficient and effective system controllers. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Document design specifications, installation instructions, and other system-related information.O*NET Task ID 14668 | 1.0 |
Verify stability, interoperability, portability, security, or scalability of system architecture.O*NET Task ID 14669 | 1.0 |
Collaborate with engineers or software developers to select appropriate design solutions or ensure the compatibility of system components.O*NET Task ID 14670 | 1.0 |
Provide technical guidance or support for the development or troubleshooting of systems.O*NET Task ID 14672 | 1.0 |
Provide customers or installation teams guidelines for implementing secure systems.O*NET Task ID 14674 | 1.0 |
Investigate system component suitability for specified purposes, and make recommendations regarding component use.O*NET Task ID 14677 | 1.0 |
Perform ongoing hardware and software maintenance operations, including installing or upgrading hardware or software.O*NET Task ID 14678 | 1.0 |
Configure servers to meet functional specifications.O*NET Task ID 14679 | 1.0 |
Develop system engineering, software engineering, system integration, or distributed system architectures.O*NET Task ID 14682 | 1.0 |
Design and conduct hardware or software tests.O*NET Task ID 14683 | 1.0 |
Establish functional or system standards to address operational requirements, quality requirements, and design constraints.O*NET Task ID 14684 | 1.0 |
Research, test, or verify proper functioning of software patches and fixes.O*NET Task ID 14686 | 1.0 |
Communicate project information through presentations, technical reports, or white papers.O*NET Task ID 14687 | 1.0 |
Develop application-specific software.O*NET Task ID 14692 | 1.0 |
Develop efficient and effective system controllers.O*NET Task ID 14693 | 1.0 |
Communicate with staff or clients to understand specific system requirements.O*NET Task ID 14666 | 0.5 |
Provide advice on project costs, design concepts, or design changes.O*NET Task ID 14667 | 0.5 |
Evaluate current or emerging technologies to consider factors such as cost, portability, compatibility, or usability.O*NET Task ID 14671 | 0.5 |
Identify system data, hardware, or software components required to meet user needs.O*NET Task ID 14673 | 0.5 |
Monitor system operation to detect potential problems.O*NET Task ID 14675 | 0.5 |
Direct the analysis, development, and operation of complete computer systems.O*NET Task ID 14676 | 0.5 |
Develop or approve project plans, schedules, or budgets.O*NET Task ID 14680 | 0.5 |
Define and analyze objectives, scope, issues, or organizational impact of information systems.O*NET Task ID 14681 | 0.5 |
Evaluate existing systems to determine effectiveness, and suggest changes to meet organizational requirements.O*NET Task ID 14685 | 0.5 |
Complete models and simulations, using manual or automated tools, to analyze or predict system performance under different operating conditions.O*NET Task ID 14688 | 0.5 |
Direct the installation of operating systems, network or application software, or computer or network hardware.O*NET Task ID 14689 | 0.5 |
Train system users in system operation or maintenance.O*NET Task ID 14690 | 0.5 |
Perform security analyses of developed or packaged software components.O*NET Task ID 14691 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (28)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Communicate with staff or clients to understand specific system requirements. | Core |
| Provide advice on project costs, design concepts, or design changes. | Core |
| Document design specifications, installation instructions, and other system-related information. | Core |
| Verify stability, interoperability, portability, security, or scalability of system architecture. | Core |
| Collaborate with engineers or software developers to select appropriate design solutions or ensure the compatibility of system components. | Core |
| Evaluate current or emerging technologies to consider factors such as cost, portability, compatibility, or usability. | Core |
| Provide technical guidance or support for the development or troubleshooting of systems. | Core |
| Identify system data, hardware, or software components required to meet user needs. | Core |
| Provide customers or installation teams guidelines for implementing secure systems. | Core |
| Monitor system operation to detect potential problems. | Core |
| Direct the analysis, development, and operation of complete computer systems. | Core |
| Investigate system component suitability for specified purposes, and make recommendations regarding component use. | Core |
| Perform ongoing hardware and software maintenance operations, including installing or upgrading hardware or software. | Core |
| Configure servers to meet functional specifications. | Core |
| Develop or approve project plans, schedules, or budgets. | Core |
| Define and analyze objectives, scope, issues, or organizational impact of information systems. | Core |
| Develop system engineering, software engineering, system integration, or distributed system architectures. | Core |
| Design and conduct hardware or software tests. | Core |
| Establish functional or system standards to address operational requirements, quality requirements, and design constraints. | Core |
| Evaluate existing systems to determine effectiveness, and suggest changes to meet organizational requirements. | Core |
| Research, test, or verify proper functioning of software patches and fixes. | Core |
| Communicate project information through presentations, technical reports, or white papers. | Core |
| Complete models and simulations, using manual or automated tools, to analyze or predict system performance under different operating conditions. | Core |
| Direct the installation of operating systems, network or application software, or computer or network hardware. | Core |
| Train system users in system operation or maintenance. | Core |
| Perform security analyses of developed or packaged software components. | Core |
| Develop efficient and effective system controllers. | Core |
| Develop application-specific software. | Supplemental |
0.04/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Perform ongoing hardware and software maintenance operations, including installing or upgrading hardware or software. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 15-1299 group (Computer occupations, all other), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 471K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 495K
- Change (2025–35)
- +5.1%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $116,580
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22213 | 컴퓨터 시스템 설계 및 분석가 | Same scope | confirmed |
| 22211 | 정보통신기술 컨설턴트 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2519Software and Applications Developers and Analysts Not Elsewhere Classified
- ISCO-08 2529Database and Network Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified
- ISCO-08 3511Information and Communications Technology Operations Technicians
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- ICT system architectESCO 2511.13Same scope
ICT system architects design architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a multi-components system to meet specified requirements.
- enterprise architectESCO 2511.5This occupation is broader
Enterprise architects balance technological opportunities with business requirements. They also maintain a holistic view of the organisation's strategy, processes, information and ICT assets and link the business mission, strategy and processes to the ICT strategy.
- ICT network engineerESCO 2523.3This occupation is broader
ICT network engineers implement, maintain and support computer networks. They also perform network modelling, analysis, and planning. They may also design network and computer security measures. They may research and recommend network and data communications hardware and software.
- integration engineerESCO 2511.16This occupation is broader
Integration engineers develop and implement solutions which coordinate applications across the enterprise or its units and departments. They evaluate existing components or systems to determine integration requirements and ensure that the final solutions meet organisational needs. They reuse components when possible and assist management in taking decisions. They perform ICT system integration troubleshooting.
- software architectESCO 2512.2This occupation is broader
Software architects create the technical design and the functional model of a software system, based on functional specifications. They also design the architecture of the system or different modules and components related to the business' or customer requirements, technical platform, computer language or development environment.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| M1857 | Urbaniste Datacenter | This occupation is broader |
| M1884 | Ingénieur / Ingénieure systèmes, réseaux et sécurité informatique | This occupation is broader |
| M1835 | Architecte systèmes et réseaux des territoires connectés | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| M1838 | Urbaniste des systèmes d'information | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| M1839 | Architecte systèmes et réseaux | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| M1860 | Architecte cloud | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| M1879 | Ingénieur / Ingénieure Cloud computing | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| M1802 | Expert / Experte systèmes et réseaux informatiques | Overlapping, not the sameprovisional |
| M1850 | Architecte multimédias interactifs | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2711 | Analistas de sistemas | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 2723 | Analistas de redes informáticas | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 43214 | Berufe in der IT-Systemanalyse - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the same |
| 43414 | Berufe in der Softwareentwicklung - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the same |
| 43314 | Berufe in der IT-Netzwerktechnik - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 102 | システム設計者 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 105 | システム運用管理者 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources