Data Scientists
Computer and Mathematical Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 15-2051.00
Develop and implement a set of techniques or analytics applications to transform raw data into meaningful information using data-oriented programming languages and visualization software. Apply data mining, data modeling, natural language processing, and machine learning to extract and analyze information from large structured and unstructured datasets. Visualize, interpret, and report data findings. May create dynamic data reports.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.461
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.57
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
16 rated tasks · 16 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (100.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Apply feature selection algorithms to models predicting outcomes of interest, such as sales, attrition, and healthcare use.O*NET Task ID 21824 | 1.0 |
Apply sampling techniques to determine groups to be surveyed or use complete enumeration methods.O*NET Task ID 21825 | 1.0 |
Clean and manipulate raw data using statistical software.O*NET Task ID 21826 | 1.0 |
Compare models using statistical performance metrics, such as loss functions or proportion of explained variance.O*NET Task ID 21827 | 1.0 |
Design surveys, opinion polls, or other instruments to collect data.O*NET Task ID 21830 | 1.0 |
Propose solutions in engineering, the sciences, and other fields using mathematical theories and techniques.O*NET Task ID 21834 | 1.0 |
Test, validate, and reformulate models to ensure accurate prediction of outcomes of interest.O*NET Task ID 21837 | 1.0 |
Write new functions or applications in programming languages to conduct analyses.O*NET Task ID 21838 | 1.0 |
Analyze, manipulate, or process large sets of data using statistical software.O*NET Task ID 21823 | 0.5 |
Create graphs, charts, or other visualizations to convey the results of data analysis using specialized software.O*NET Task ID 21828 | 0.5 |
Deliver oral or written presentations of the results of mathematical modeling and data analysis to management or other end users.O*NET Task ID 21829 | 0.5 |
Identify business problems or management objectives that can be addressed through data analysis.O*NET Task ID 21831 | 0.5 |
Identify relationships and trends or any factors that could affect the results of research.O*NET Task ID 21832 | 0.5 |
Identify solutions to business problems, such as budgeting, staffing, and marketing decisions, using the results of data analysis.O*NET Task ID 21833 | 0.5 |
Read scientific articles, conference papers, or other sources of research to identify emerging analytic trends and technologies.O*NET Task ID 21835 | 0.5 |
Recommend data-driven solutions to key stakeholders.O*NET Task ID 21836 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (16)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Analyze, manipulate, or process large sets of data using statistical software. | Core |
| Apply feature selection algorithms to models predicting outcomes of interest, such as sales, attrition, and healthcare use. | Core |
| Apply sampling techniques to determine groups to be surveyed or use complete enumeration methods. | Core |
| Clean and manipulate raw data using statistical software. | Core |
| Compare models using statistical performance metrics, such as loss functions or proportion of explained variance. | Core |
| Create graphs, charts, or other visualizations to convey the results of data analysis using specialized software. | Core |
| Deliver oral or written presentations of the results of mathematical modeling and data analysis to management or other end users. | Core |
| Identify business problems or management objectives that can be addressed through data analysis. | Core |
| Identify relationships and trends or any factors that could affect the results of research. | Core |
| Identify solutions to business problems, such as budgeting, staffing, and marketing decisions, using the results of data analysis. | Core |
| Propose solutions in engineering, the sciences, and other fields using mathematical theories and techniques. | Core |
| Read scientific articles, conference papers, or other sources of research to identify emerging analytic trends and technologies. | Core |
| Recommend data-driven solutions to key stakeholders. | Core |
| Test, validate, and reformulate models to ensure accurate prediction of outcomes of interest. | Core |
| Write new functions or applications in programming languages to conduct analyses. | Core |
| Design surveys, opinion polls, or other instruments to collect data. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 15-2051 group (Data scientists), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 276K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 371K
- Change (2025–35)
- +34.6%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $120,230
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22420 | 데이터 분석가 | Same scope | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 3314Statistical, Mathematical and Related Associate Professionals
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Statistical, mathematical and related associate professionals assist in planning the collection, processing and presentation of statistical, mathematical or actuarial data and in carrying out these operations, usually working under the guidance of statisticians, mathematicians and actuaries.
Tasks
- (a) assisting in planning and performing statistical, mathematical, actuarial and related calculations;
- (b) preparing detailed estimates of quantities and costs of materials and labour required for statistical census and survey operations;
- (c) performing technical tasks connected with establishing, maintaining and using registers and sampling frames for census and survey operations;
- (d) performing technical tasks connected with data collection and quality control operations in censuses and surveys;
- (e) using standard computer software packages to perform mathematical, actuarial, statistical, accounting and related calculations;
- (f) preparing statistical, mathematical, actuarial, accounting and other results for presentation in graphical or tabular form;
- (g) applying knowledge of statistical, mathematical, actuarial, accounting and related principles and practices in order to identify and solve problems arising in the course of their work;
- (h) supervising the work of statistical clerks.
Example occupations
Actuarial assistant · Mathematical assistant · Statistical assistant
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- data scientistESCO 2511.3Same scope
Data scientists find and interpret rich data sources, manage large amounts of data, merge data sources, ensure consistency of data-sets, and create visualisations to aid in understanding data. They build mathematical models using data, present and communicate data insights and findings to specialists and scientists in their team and if required, to a non-expert audience, and recommend ways to apply the data.
- ICT intelligent systems designerESCO 2511.10This occupation is broader
ICT intelligent systems designers apply methods of artificial intelligence in engineering, robotics and computer science to design programs which simulate intelligence including thinking models, cognitive and knowledge-based systems, problem solving, and decision making. They also integrate structured knowledge into computer systems (ontologies, knowledge bases) in order to solve complex problems normally requiring a high level of human expertise or artificial intelligence methods.
- data analystESCO 2511.2Overlapping, not the same
Data analysts import, inspect, clean, transform, validate, model, or interpret collections of data with regard to the business goals of the company. They ensure that the data sources and repositories provide consistent and reliable data. Data analysts use different algorithms and IT tools as demanded by the situation and the current data. They might prepare reports in the form of visualisations such as graphs, charts, and dashboards.
- knowledge engineerESCO 2529.8Overlapping, not the same
Knowledge engineers integrate structured knowledge into computer systems (knowledge bases) in order to solve complex problems normally requiring a high level of human expertise or artificial intelligence methods. They are also responsible for eliciting or extracting knowledge from information sources, maintaining this knowledge, and making it available to the organisation or users. To achieve this, they are aware of knowledge representation and maintenance techniques (rules, frames, semantic nets, ontologies) and use knowledge extraction techniques and tools. They can design and build expert or artificial intelligence systems that use this knowledge.
- statisticianESCO 2120.6Overlapping, not the same
Statisticians collect, tabulate, and, most importantly, analyse quantitative information coming from a varied array of fields. They interpret and analyse statistical studies on fields such as health, demographics, finance, business, etc. and advise based on patterns and drawn analysis.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| M1405 | Data scientist | Same scopeprovisional |
| G1211 | Analyste de la performance sportive | Related, not a match |
| M1423 | Chief Data Officer | Related, not a match |
| M1414 | Ingénieur statisticien / Ingénieure statisticienne | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| M1419 | Data analyst | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| M1811 | Data engineer | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2416 | Estadísticos | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 2729 | Especialistas en bases de datos y en redes informáticas no clasificados bajo otros epígrafes | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 43104 | Berufe in der Informatik (ohne Spezialisierung) - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 119 | その他の技術者 | This occupation is narrower |
| 109 | その他の情報処理・通信技術者 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Recent Changes Related to This Occupation
Summaries and relation labels are AI Changing Work's own; check any figures against the linked source.
Directly related BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook (updated Aug 2026): employment of data scientists is projected to grow 35% from 2025 to 2035, much faster than the average for all occupations, with about 24,800 openings a year.
[Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics]
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources