Architects, Except Landscape and Naval

Architecture and Engineering Occupations

O*NET-SOC code: 17-1011.00

Plan and design structures, such as private residences, office buildings, theaters, factories, and other structural property.

Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.078
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
Source dataset (CSV download)
Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.37
0.09Range of values carried here0.70
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Show 20 hidden tasks

24 rated tasks · 22 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (91.7%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.

Source: OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release: gh-main-0471612
License: MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Task (O*NET 30.2)	Claude.aiRaw / share %	APIRaw / share %
Prepare operating and maintenance manuals, studies, or reports. 17-1011.00	0.020040.0	0.00000.0
Prepare information regarding design, structure specifications, materials, color, equipment, estimated costs, or construction time. 17-1011.00	0.010020.0	0.00000.0
Plan layouts of structural architectural projects. 17-1011.00	0.010020.0	0.00000.0
Prepare contract documents for building contractors. 17-1011.00	0.010020.0	—0

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task (O*NET 27.2)	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Prepare operating and maintenance manuals, studies, or reports. O*NET Task ID 140	1.0
Direct activities of technicians engaged in preparing drawings or specification documents. O*NET Task ID 20480	1.0
Prepare information regarding design, structure specifications, materials, color, equipment, estimated costs, or construction time. O*NET Task ID 130	0.5
Prepare contract documents for building contractors. O*NET Task ID 134	0.5
Integrate engineering elements into unified architectural designs. O*NET Task ID 136	0.5
Administer construction contracts. O*NET Task ID 138	0.5
Represent clients in obtaining bids or awarding construction contracts. O*NET Task ID 139	0.5
Calculate potential energy savings by comparing estimated energy consumption of proposed design to baseline standards. O*NET Task ID 19590	0.5
Design environmentally sound structural upgrades to existing buildings, such as natural lighting systems, green roofs, or rainwater collection systems. O*NET Task ID 19591	0.5
Design or plan construction of green building projects to minimize adverse environmental impact or conserve energy. O*NET Task ID 19592	0.5
Design structures that incorporate environmentally friendly building practices or concepts, such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) standards. O*NET Task ID 19593	0.5
Gather information related to projects' environmental sustainability or operational efficiency. O*NET Task ID 19594	0.5
Perform predesign services, such as feasibility or environmental impact studies. O*NET Task ID 19595	0.5
Plan or design structures such as residences, office buildings, theatres, factories, or other structural properties in accordance with environmental, safety, or other regulations. O*NET Task ID 19596	0.5
Prepare scale drawings or architectural designs, using computer-aided design or other tools. O*NET Task ID 20479	0.5
Develop marketing materials, proposals, or presentations to generate new work opportunities. O*NET Task ID 20482	0.5
Develop final construction plans that include aesthetic representations of the structure or details for its construction. O*NET Task ID 20483	0.5
Conduct periodic on-site observations of construction work to monitor compliance with plans. O*NET Task ID 20484	0.5
Monitor the work of specialists, such as electrical engineers, mechanical engineers, interior designers, or sound specialists to ensure optimal form or function of designs or final structures. O*NET Task ID 20485	0.5
Plan layouts of structural architectural projects. O*NET Task ID 20486	0.5
Inspect proposed building sites to determine suitability for construction. O*NET Task ID 20487	0.5
Create three-dimensional or interactive representations of designs, using computer-assisted design software. O*NET Task ID 20488	0.5
Show 12 more tasks ▾Show less ▴

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (25)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)	Type
Prepare information regarding design, structure specifications, materials, color, equipment, estimated costs, or construction time.	Core
Consult with clients to determine functional or spatial requirements of structures.	Core
Prepare contract documents for building contractors.	Core
Integrate engineering elements into unified architectural designs.	Core
Administer construction contracts.	Core
Represent clients in obtaining bids or awarding construction contracts.	Core
Prepare operating and maintenance manuals, studies, or reports.	Core
Calculate potential energy savings by comparing estimated energy consumption of proposed design to baseline standards.	Core
Design environmentally sound structural upgrades to existing buildings, such as natural lighting systems, green roofs, or rainwater collection systems.	Core
Design or plan construction of green building projects to minimize adverse environmental impact or conserve energy.	Core
Design structures that incorporate environmentally friendly building practices or concepts, such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) standards.	Core
Gather information related to projects' environmental sustainability or operational efficiency.	Core
Perform predesign services, such as feasibility or environmental impact studies.	Core
Plan or design structures such as residences, office buildings, theatres, factories, or other structural properties in accordance with environmental, safety, or other regulations.	Core
Prepare scale drawings or architectural designs, using computer-aided design or other tools.	Core
Direct activities of technicians engaged in preparing drawings or specification documents.	Core
Meet with clients to review or discuss architectural drawings.	Core
Develop marketing materials, proposals, or presentations to generate new work opportunities.	Core
Develop final construction plans that include aesthetic representations of the structure or details for its construction.	Core
Conduct periodic on-site observations of construction work to monitor compliance with plans.	Core
Monitor the work of specialists, such as electrical engineers, mechanical engineers, interior designers, or sound specialists to ensure optimal form or function of designs or final structures.	Core
Plan layouts of structural architectural projects.	Core
Inspect proposed building sites to determine suitability for construction.	Core
Create three-dimensional or interactive representations of designs, using computer-assisted design software.	Core
Inspect the condition of structures.	Core

Anthropic, "What work can robots do?"2026-09

0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index

0 none3 unstructured settings

Scale, basis and source

Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time

Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks

Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.

Source dataset

The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.

Tier of each physical task

Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)

E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site

Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.

Task (O*NET 29.3)	Robot environment tier
Conduct periodic on-site observations of construction work to monitor compliance with plans.	E0 none
Inspect proposed building sites to determine suitability for construction.	E0 none

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025: 125K
Projected employment, 2035: 130K
Change (2025–35): +4.3%
Median annual wage, 2025: $99,280
Typical education needed for entry: Bachelor's degree

lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO code	KSCO title	Relation	Status
23110	건축가	Same scope	confirmed
23129	그 외 건축 관련 기술자	Related, not a match	confirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

ISCO-08 2161Building Architects

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

architectESCO 2161.1Same scope
Architects investigate, design, and oversee the construction and development of buildings, urban spaces, infrastructure projects, and social spaces. They design in accordance with the surroundings and regulations applicable in specific geographic areas, taking into account factors that include function, aesthetics, costs, and public health and safety. They are aware of social contexts and environmental factors, which include the relationships between people and buildings, and buildings and the environment. They engage in multidisciplinary projects aimed at developing the social fabric of a geographic area and advancing in social urbanism projects.
interior architectESCO 2161.1.1This occupation is broader
Interior architects create plans of the interior of a home, building or other structure. They determine the specifications and distribution of the space. Interior architects combine an understanding of space with a sense for aesthetics in order to create a harmonious interior design. They draw architectural drawings using computer-aided equipment and software, or using conventional methods like paper and pen.
architectural drafterESCO 3118.3.2Overlapping, not the same
Architectural drafters make drawings of the specifications and ideas provided by architects. They draw architectural drawings using computer-aided equipment and software, or using conventional methods like paper and pen.
civil drafterESCO 3118.3.4Overlapping, not the same
Civil drafters draw and prepare sketches for civil engineers and architects of architectonic projects of different kinds, topographical maps, or for the reconstruction of existing structures. They lay down in the sketches all the specifications and requirements such as mathematical, aesthetic, engineering, and technical.
drafterESCO 3118.3Overlapping, not the same
Drafters prepare and create technical drawings using a special software or manual techniques, to show how something is built or works.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME code	ROME title (French)	Relation
F1101	Architecte du bâtiment	Same scopeprovisional
F1121	Architecte du patrimoine national	This occupation is broaderprovisional
F1127	Architecte-urbaniste	This occupation is broaderprovisional

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 code	CNO-11 title (Spanish)	Relation
2451	Arquitectos (excepto arquitectos paisajistas y urbanistas)	Same scopeprovisional
2481	Arquitectos técnicos y técnicos urbanistas	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB code	KldB title (German)	Relation
31114	Berufe in der Architektur - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten	Same scopeprovisional
31154	Berufe in der Bauwerkserhaltung und -erneuerung - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten	This occupation is broaderprovisional

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO code	JSCO title (Japanese)	Relation
091	建築技術者	This occupation is narrower

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources