Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 19-2042.00
Study the composition, structure, and other physical aspects of the Earth. May use geological, physics, and mathematics knowledge in exploration for oil, gas, minerals, or underground water; or in waste disposal, land reclamation, or other environmental problems. May study the Earth's internal composition, atmospheres, and oceans, and its magnetic, electrical, and gravitational forces. Includes mineralogists, paleontologists, stratigraphers, geodesists, and seismologists.
AI exposure
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.043
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.36
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
AI exposure (OpenAI rubric)
32 rated tasks · 27 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (84.4%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Tasks
Task statements from the O*NET® 31.0 Database, core tasks first.
| Task | Type | β (OpenAI) |
|---|---|---|
| Analyze and interpret geological, geochemical, or geophysical information from sources, such as survey data, well logs, bore holes, or aerial photos. | Core | 0.5 |
| Plan or conduct geological, geochemical, or geophysical field studies or surveys, sample collection, or drilling and testing programs used to collect data for research or application. | Core | 0 |
| Investigate the composition, structure, or history of the Earth's crust through the collection, examination, measurement, or classification of soils, minerals, rocks, or fossil remains. | Core | 0 |
| Prepare geological maps, cross-sectional diagrams, charts, or reports concerning mineral extraction, land use, or resource management, using results of fieldwork or laboratory research. | Core | 0.5 |
| Locate and estimate probable natural gas, oil, or mineral ore deposits or underground water resources, using aerial photographs, charts, or research or survey results. | Core | 0.5 |
| Assess ground or surface water movement to provide advice on issues, such as waste management, route and site selection, or the restoration of contaminated sites. | Core | 0.5 |
| Conduct geological or geophysical studies to provide information for use in regional development, site selection, or development of public works projects. | Core | 0.5 |
| Advise construction firms or government agencies on dam or road construction, foundation design, land use, or resource management. | Core | 0.5 |
| Communicate geological findings by writing research papers, participating in conferences, or teaching geological science at universities. | Core | 1 |
| Measure characteristics of the Earth, such as gravity or magnetic fields, using equipment such as seismographs, gravimeters, torsion balances, or magnetometers. | Core | 0 |
| Develop applied software for the analysis and interpretation of geological data. | Core | 1 |
| Analyze and interpret geological data, using computer software. | Core | 0.5 |
| Design geological mine maps, monitor mine structural integrity, or advise and monitor mining crews. | Core | 0.5 |
| Develop strategies for more environmentally friendly resource extraction and reclamation. | Core | 0.5 |
| Identify new sources of platinum group elements for industrial applications, such as automotive fuel cells or pollution abatement systems. | Core | 0.5 |
| Identify possible sites for carbon sequestration projects. | Core | 0.5 |
| Locate potential sources of geothermal energy. | Core | 0.5 |
| Review work plans to determine the effectiveness of activities for mitigating soil or groundwater contamination. | Core | 0.5 |
| Study historical climate change indicators found in locations, such as ice sheets or rock formations to develop climate change models. | Core | 0.5 |
| Locate and review research articles or environmental, historical, or technical reports. | Core | 0.5 |
| Identify risks for natural disasters, such as mudslides, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions. | Core | 0.5 |
| Identify deposits of construction materials suitable for use as concrete aggregates, road fill, or other applications. | Core | 0.5 |
| Review environmental, historical, or technical reports and publications for accuracy. | Core | 1 |
| Test industrial diamonds or abrasives, soil, or rocks to determine their geological characteristics, using optical, x-ray, heat, acid, or precision instruments. | Supplemental | 0 |
| Collaborate with medical or health researchers to address health problems related to geological materials or processes. | Supplemental | 0.5 |
| Determine methods to incorporate geomethane or methane hydrates into global energy production or evaluate the potential environmental impacts of such incorporation. | Supplemental | 0.5 |
| Determine ways to mitigate the negative consequences of mineral dust dispersion. | Supplemental | 0.5 |
| Develop ways to capture or use gases burned off as waste during oil production processes. | Supplemental | 0.5 |
| Provide advice on the safe siting of new nuclear reactor projects or methods of nuclear waste management. | Supplemental | 0.5 |
| Research geomechanical or geochemical processes to be used in carbon sequestration projects. | Supplemental | 0.5 |
| Research ways to reduce the ecological footprint of increasingly prevalent megacities. | Supplemental | 0.5 |
| Inspect construction projects to analyze engineering problems, using test equipment or drilling machinery. | Supplemental | 0 |
Occupation information
Sources and attribution
This page includes information from the O*NET® 31.0 Database (https://www.onetcenter.org/database.html) by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA). Used under the CC BY 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). O*NET® is a trademark of USDOL/ETA. AI Changing Work has modified all or some of this information: the O*NET-SOC code, title and task statements are reproduced in English without change; task-type labels are shown in the page's language and tasks are listed core first; any Korean occupation title shown on the Korean-language page is AI Changing Work's translation; any KSCO-8 unit groups linked to this occupation were paired with it by AI Changing Work's judgment, and the relation labels and statuses are AI Changing Work's additions. USDOL/ETA has not approved, endorsed, or tested these modifications.
Any AI exposure figures on this page are published by third parties, not by AI Changing Work, and none is part of the O*NET information. OpenAI publishes task-level scores (MIT License) for O*NET 27.2 task statements; each is shown next to the O*NET 31.0 task statement with the same task ID, whose wording can differ from the 27.2 statement that was scored. OpenAI also publishes occupation-level scores for O*NET-SOC codes in the same release, and any such score is shown on the O*NET occupation with the same code. Anthropic publishes an observed exposure index in the Anthropic Economic Index (CC-BY), and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes relative AI exposure categories (public domain); both are published per SOC code, and each value is shown on every O*NET occupation with that code. The International Labour Organization publishes a generative AI exposure index in ILO Working Paper 140 (CC BY 4.0) for ISCO-08 unit groups; AI Changing Work links those groups to O*NET occupations by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC and 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC crosswalks as published, without case-by-case selection, and these crosswalks match many groups only in part. Where several unit groups are linked, each group's published value is listed, and any summary shows only the lowest and highest of those values with the number of groups; no exposure figure is averaged or recalculated. Any employment figures are published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics for the SOC group containing this occupation. Each source is credited where its figures are shown.
O*NET OnLine: 19-2042.00 Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers
KSCO 코드·명칭: 한국표준직업분류(제8차 개정) — 통계청 고시 제2024-328호 (2024-07-01 고시, 2025-01-01 시행). 저작권법 제7조 제2호의 고시 항목이다. 명칭 표기(가운뎃점·띄어쓰기)는 해설서 2차 정오 반영판의 표기를 따랐으며, 고시 항목표와는 18개 명칭에서 가운뎃점 글리프나 띄어쓰기만 다르다. 통계청은 2025년 10월 국가데이터처로 개편되었다. 이 페이지의 KSCO 연결은 통계청·국가데이터처의 공식 연계표가 아니다.