Industrial-Organizational Psychologists
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 19-3032.00
Apply principles of psychology to human resources, administration, management, sales, and marketing problems. Activities may include policy planning; employee testing and selection, training, and development; and organizational development and analysis. May work with management to organize the work setting to improve worker productivity.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.158
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.39
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Show 10 hidden tasks25 rated tasks · 22 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (88.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Counsel workers about job and career-related issues.19-3032.00 | 0.141640.4 | 0.00906.9 |
Advise management concerning personnel, managerial, and marketing policies and practices and their potential effects on organizational effectiveness and efficiency.19-3032.00 | 0.055815.9 | 0.00473.6 |
Write reports on research findings and implications to contribute to general knowledge and to suggest potential changes in organizational functioning.19-3032.00 | 0.042012.0 | 0.034826.8 |
Write articles, white papers, and reports to share research findings and educate others.19-3032.00 | 0.038010.8 | 0.00796.1 |
Develop interview techniques, rating scales, and psychological tests used to assess skills, abilities, and interests for the purpose of employee selection, placement, and promotion.19-3032.00 | 0.03159.0 | 0.00786.0 |
Coach senior executives and managers on leadership and performance.19-3032.00 | 0.01383.9 | 0.020615.8 |
Provide advice on best practices and implementation for selection.19-3032.00 | 0.00842.4 | 0.01017.8 |
Develop new business by contacting potential clients, making sales presentations, and writing proposals.19-3032.00 | 0.00661.9 | 0.013910.7 |
Review research literature to remain current on psychological science issues.19-3032.00 | 0.00641.8 | 0.00221.7 |
Formulate and implement training programs, applying principles of learning and individual differences.19-3032.00 | 0.00230.7 | —0 |
Participate in mediation and dispute resolution.19-3032.00 | 0.00220.6 | —0 |
Assess employee performance.19-3032.00 | 0.00190.5 | —0 |
Study consumers' reactions to new products and package designs, and to advertising efforts, using surveys and tests. | —0 | 0.01108.5 |
Analyze job requirements and content to establish criteria for classification, selection, training, and other related personnel functions. | —0 | 0.00644.9 |
Observe and interview workers to obtain information about the physical, mental, and educational requirements of jobs as well as information about aspects such as job satisfaction. | —0 | 0.00161.3 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Write reports on research findings and implications to contribute to general knowledge or to suggest potential changes in organizational functioning.O*NET Task ID 7563 | 1.0 |
Write articles, white papers, or reports to share research findings and educate others.O*NET Task ID 20226 | 1.0 |
Develop and implement employee selection or placement programs.O*NET Task ID 7560 | 0.5 |
Analyze job requirements and content to establish criteria for classification, selection, training, and other related personnel functions.O*NET Task ID 7561 | 0.5 |
Advise management concerning personnel, managerial, and marketing policies and practices and their potential effects on organizational effectiveness and efficiency.O*NET Task ID 7564 | 0.5 |
Identify training and development needs.O*NET Task ID 7565 | 0.5 |
Conduct research studies of physical work environments, organizational structures, communication systems, group interactions, morale, or motivation to assess organizational functioning.O*NET Task ID 7566 | 0.5 |
Formulate and implement training programs, applying principles of learning and individual differences.O*NET Task ID 7567 | 0.5 |
Develop interview techniques, rating scales, and psychological tests used to assess skills, abilities, and interests for the purpose of employee selection, placement, or promotion.O*NET Task ID 7568 | 0.5 |
Assess employee performance.O*NET Task ID 7569 | 0.5 |
Study organizational effectiveness, productivity, and efficiency, including the nature of workplace supervision and leadership.O*NET Task ID 7570 | 0.5 |
Facilitate organizational development and change.O*NET Task ID 7571 | 0.5 |
Analyze data, using statistical methods and applications, to evaluate the outcomes and effectiveness of workplace programs.O*NET Task ID 7572 | 0.5 |
Study consumers' reactions to new products and package designs, and to advertising efforts, using surveys and tests.O*NET Task ID 7574 | 0.5 |
Participate in mediation and dispute resolution.O*NET Task ID 7575 | 0.5 |
Conduct presentations on research findings for clients or at research meetings.O*NET Task ID 20222 | 0.5 |
Provide expert testimony in employment lawsuits.O*NET Task ID 20223 | 0.5 |
Review research literature to remain current on psychological science issues.O*NET Task ID 20224 | 0.5 |
Conduct individual assessments, including interpreting measures and providing feedback for selection, placement, or promotion.O*NET Task ID 20225 | 0.5 |
Develop new business by contacting potential clients, making sales presentations, and writing proposals.O*NET Task ID 20227 | 0.5 |
Train clients to administer human resources functions, including testing, selection, and performance management.O*NET Task ID 20228 | 0.5 |
Provide advice on best practices and implementation for selection.O*NET Task ID 20230 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (25)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Develop and implement employee selection or placement programs. | Core |
| Analyze job requirements and content to establish criteria for classification, selection, training, and other related personnel functions. | Core |
| Observe and interview workers to obtain information about the physical, mental, and educational requirements of jobs, as well as information about aspects such as job satisfaction. | Core |
| Write reports on research findings and implications to contribute to general knowledge or to suggest potential changes in organizational functioning. | Core |
| Advise management concerning personnel, managerial, and marketing policies and practices and their potential effects on organizational effectiveness and efficiency. | Core |
| Identify training and development needs. | Core |
| Conduct research studies of physical work environments, organizational structures, communication systems, group interactions, morale, or motivation to assess organizational functioning. | Core |
| Formulate and implement training programs, applying principles of learning and individual differences. | Core |
| Develop interview techniques, rating scales, and psychological tests used to assess skills, abilities, and interests for the purpose of employee selection, placement, or promotion. | Core |
| Assess employee performance. | Core |
| Study organizational effectiveness, productivity, and efficiency, including the nature of workplace supervision and leadership. | Core |
| Facilitate organizational development and change. | Core |
| Analyze data, using statistical methods and applications, to evaluate the outcomes and effectiveness of workplace programs. | Core |
| Counsel workers about job and career-related issues. | Core |
| Conduct presentations on research findings for clients or at research meetings. | Core |
| Provide expert testimony in employment lawsuits. | Core |
| Review research literature to remain current on psychological science issues. | Core |
| Conduct individual assessments, including interpreting measures and providing feedback for selection, placement, or promotion. | Core |
| Write articles, white papers, or reports to share research findings and educate others. | Core |
| Develop new business by contacting potential clients, making sales presentations, and writing proposals. | Core |
| Train clients to administer human resources functions, including testing, selection, and performance management. | Core |
| Coach senior executives and managers on leadership and performance. | Core |
| Provide advice on best practices and implementation for selection. | Core |
| Study consumers' reactions to new products and package designs, and to advertising efforts, using surveys and tests. | Supplemental |
| Participate in mediation and dispute resolution. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 4K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 4K
- Change (2025–35)
- +6.5%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $193,950
- Typical education needed for entry
- Master's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21216 | 심리학 연구원 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2634Psychologists
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Psychologists research into and study the mental processes and behaviour of human beings as individuals or in groups, and apply this knowledge to promote personal, social, educational or occupational adjustment and development.
Tasks
- (a) planning and carrying out tests to measure mental, physical and other characteristics such as intelligence, abilities, aptitudes, potentialities, etc., interpreting and evaluating results, and providing advice;
- (b) analysing the effect of heredity, social, occupational and other factors on individual thought and behaviour;
- (c) conducting counselling or therapeutic interviews with individuals and groups, and providing follow-up services;
- (d) maintaining required contacts, such as those with family members, educational authorities or employers, and recommending possible solutions to, and treatment of, problems;
- (e) studying psychological factors in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental illnesses and emotional or personality disorders, and conferring with related professionals;
- (f) preparing scholarly papers and reports;
- (g) formulating achievement, diagnostic and predictive tests for use by teachers in planning methods and content of instruction;
- (h) conducting surveys and research studies on job design, work groups, morale, motivation, supervision and management;
- (e) developing theories, models and methods to interpret and describe human behaviour.
Example occupations
Clinical psychologist · Educational psychologist · Organizational psychologist · Psychotherapist · Sports psychologist
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- psychologistESCO 2634.2This occupation is narrower
Psychologists study the behaviour and mental processes in humans. They provide services to clients who deal with mental health issues and life issues such as bereavement, relationship difficulties, domestic violence, and sexual abuse. They also provide counselling for mental health issues such as eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorders, and psychosis in order to help the clients rehabilitate and reach a healthy behaviour.
- occupational analystESCO 2423.5Overlapping, not the same
Occupational analysts collect and analyse occupational information within one field or company in order to make recommendations for reducing costs and general business improvements. They provide technical assistance to employers in dealing with problematic staff recruitment and development and with staff restructuring. Occupational analysts study and write job descriptions and prepare occupational classification systems.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K1113 | Psychologue du travail | Same scopeprovisional |
| M1402 | Responsable en organisation en entreprise | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| M1508 | Conseiller / Conseillère en gestion de carrière | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2823 | Psicólogos | This occupation is narrower |
| 2624 | Especialistas en políticas y servicios de personal y afines | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 81614 | Berufe in der nicht klinischen Psychologie - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 052 | 人文・社会科学系等研究者 | Related, not a match |
| 189 | その他の経営・金融・保険専門職業従事者 | Related, not a match |
| 243 | カウンセラー(医療・福祉施設を除く) | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources