Clinical and Counseling Psychologists

Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations

O*NET-SOC code: 19-3033.00

Assess, diagnose, and treat mental and emotional disorders of individuals through observation, interview, and psychological tests. Help individuals with distress or maladjustment understand their problems through their knowledge of case history, interviews with patients, and theory. Provide individual or group counseling services to assist individuals in achieving more effective personal, social, educational, and vocational development and adjustment. May design behavior modification programs and consult with medical personnel regarding the best treatment for patients.

Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery high
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
Source dataset (XLSX download)
Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.059
0.000Range of values carried here0.745
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
Source dataset (CSV download)
Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.39
0.09Range of values carried here0.70
Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Show 22 hidden tasks

30 rated tasks · 20 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (66.7%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.

Source: OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release: gh-main-0471612
License: MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Task (O*NET 30.2)	Claude.aiRaw / share %	APIRaw / share %
Interact with clients to assist them in gaining insight, defining goals, and planning action to achieve effective personal, social, educational, or vocational development and adjustment. 19-3033.00	0.390052.7	0.090034.6
Counsel individuals, groups, or families to help them understand problems, deal with crisis situations, define goals, and develop realistic action plans. 19-3033.00	0.160021.6	0.030011.5
Provide consulting services, including educational programs, outreach programs, or prevention talks to schools, social service agencies, businesses, or the general public. 19-3033.00	0.080010.8	0.01003.8
Collect information about individuals or clients, using interviews, case histories, observational techniques, and other assessment methods. 19-3033.00	0.06008.1	0.130050.0
Provide occupational, educational, or other information to individuals so that they can make educational or vocational plans. 19-3033.00	0.02002.7	0.00000.0
Consult with or provide consultation to other doctors, therapists, or clinicians regarding patient care. 19-3033.00	0.01001.4	0.00000.0
Advise clients on how they could be helped by counseling. 19-3033.00	0.01001.4	0.00000.0
Refer clients to other specialists, institutions, or support services as necessary. 19-3033.00	0.01001.4	0.00000.0

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task (O*NET 27.2)	βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Document patient information including session notes, progress notes, recommendations, and treatment plans. O*NET Task ID 22165	1.0
Write reports on clients and maintain required paperwork. O*NET Task ID 22170	1.0
Prepare written evaluations of individuals' psychological competence for court hearings. O*NET Task ID 22191	1.0
Collect information about individuals or clients, using interviews, case histories, observational techniques, and other assessment methods. O*NET Task ID 22163	0.5
Develop therapeutic and treatment plans based on clients' interests, abilities, or needs. O*NET Task ID 22167	0.5
Identify psychological, emotional, or behavioral issues and diagnose disorders, using information obtained from interviews, tests, records, or reference materials. O*NET Task ID 22168	0.5
Consult with or provide consultation to other doctors, therapists, or clinicians regarding patient care. O*NET Task ID 22171	0.5
Obtain and study medical, psychological, social, and family histories by interviewing individuals, couples, or families and by reviewing records. O*NET Task ID 22172	0.5
Evaluate the effectiveness of counseling or treatments and the accuracy and completeness of diagnoses, modifying plans or diagnoses as necessary. O*NET Task ID 22173	0.5
Select, administer, score, and interpret psychological tests to obtain information on individuals' intelligence, achievements, interests, or personalities. O*NET Task ID 22174	0.5
Develop and implement individual treatment plans, specifying type, frequency, intensity, and duration of therapy. O*NET Task ID 22176	0.5
Refer clients to other specialists, institutions, or support services as necessary. O*NET Task ID 22178	0.5
Maintain current knowledge of relevant research. O*NET Task ID 22179	0.5
Consult reference material, such as textbooks, manuals, or journals, to identify symptoms, make diagnoses, or develop approaches to treatment. O*NET Task ID 22180	0.5
Provide occupational, educational, or other information to individuals so that they can make educational or vocational plans. O*NET Task ID 22183	0.5
Plan and develop accredited psychological service programs in psychiatric centers or hospitals, in collaboration with psychiatrists and other professional staff. O*NET Task ID 22184	0.5
Develop, direct, and participate in training programs for staff and students. O*NET Task ID 22186	0.5
Provide psychological or administrative services and advice to private firms or community agencies regarding mental health programs or individual cases. O*NET Task ID 22187	0.5
Conduct research to develop or improve diagnostic or therapeutic counseling techniques. O*NET Task ID 22188	0.5
Plan, supervise, and conduct psychological research and write papers describing research results. O*NET Task ID 22189	0.5
Show 10 more tasks ▾Show less ▴

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (30)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)	Type
Collect information about individuals or clients, using interviews, case histories, observational techniques, and other assessment methods.	Core
Counsel individuals, groups, or families to help them understand problems, deal with crisis situations, define goals, and develop realistic action plans.	Core
Document patient information including session notes, progress notes, recommendations, and treatment plans.	Core
Interact with clients to assist them in gaining insight, defining goals, and planning action to achieve effective personal, social, educational, or vocational development and adjustment.	Core
Develop therapeutic and treatment plans based on clients' interests, abilities, or needs.	Core
Identify psychological, emotional, or behavioral issues and diagnose disorders, using information obtained from interviews, tests, records, or reference materials.	Core
Use a variety of treatment methods, such as psychotherapy, hypnosis, behavior modification, stress reduction therapy, psychodrama, or play therapy.	Core
Write reports on clients and maintain required paperwork.	Core
Consult with or provide consultation to other doctors, therapists, or clinicians regarding patient care.	Core
Obtain and study medical, psychological, social, and family histories by interviewing individuals, couples, or families and by reviewing records.	Core
Evaluate the effectiveness of counseling or treatments and the accuracy and completeness of diagnoses, modifying plans or diagnoses as necessary.	Core
Select, administer, score, and interpret psychological tests to obtain information on individuals' intelligence, achievements, interests, or personalities.	Core
Advise clients on how they could be helped by counseling.	Core
Develop and implement individual treatment plans, specifying type, frequency, intensity, and duration of therapy.	Core
Consult with other professionals, agencies, or universities to discuss therapies, treatments, counseling resources or techniques, and to share occupational information.	Core
Refer clients to other specialists, institutions, or support services as necessary.	Core
Maintain current knowledge of relevant research.	Core
Consult reference material, such as textbooks, manuals, or journals, to identify symptoms, make diagnoses, or develop approaches to treatment.	Core
Provide consulting services, including educational programs, outreach programs, or prevention talks to schools, social service agencies, businesses, or the general public.	Core
Provide occupational, educational, or other information to individuals so that they can make educational or vocational plans.	Core
Plan and develop accredited psychological service programs in psychiatric centers or hospitals, in collaboration with psychiatrists and other professional staff.	Core
Direct, coordinate, and evaluate activities of staff and interns engaged in patient assessment and treatment.	Core
Develop, direct, and participate in training programs for staff and students.	Core
Conduct research to develop or improve diagnostic or therapeutic counseling techniques.	Core
Conduct assessments of patients' risk for harm to self or others.	Core
Prepare written evaluations of individuals' psychological competence for court hearings.	Core
Supervise and train interns, clinicians in training, and other counselors.	Core
Observe individuals at play, in group interactions, or in other contexts to detect indications of cognitive, intellectual, or developmental disabilities.	Supplemental
Provide psychological or administrative services and advice to private firms or community agencies regarding mental health programs or individual cases.	Supplemental
Plan, supervise, and conduct psychological research and write papers describing research results.	Supplemental

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025: 81K
Projected employment, 2035: 91K
Change (2025–35): +11.7%
Median annual wage, 2025: $100,580
Typical education needed for entry: Doctoral or professional degree

lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO code	KSCO title	Relation	Status
24670	임상심리사	This occupation is broader	confirmed
25330	상담 전문가	This occupation is broader	confirmed
24693	놀이 및 행동치료사	Related, not a match	reviewed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

ISCO-08 2634Psychologists

The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.

Psychologists research into and study the mental processes and behaviour of human beings as individuals or in groups, and apply this knowledge to promote personal, social, educational or occupational adjustment and development.

Tasks

(a) planning and carrying out tests to measure mental, physical and other characteristics such as intelligence, abilities, aptitudes, potentialities, etc., interpreting and evaluating results, and providing advice;
(b) analysing the effect of heredity, social, occupational and other factors on individual thought and behaviour;
(c) conducting counselling or therapeutic interviews with individuals and groups, and providing follow-up services;
(d) maintaining required contacts, such as those with family members, educational authorities or employers, and recommending possible solutions to, and treatment of, problems;
(e) studying psychological factors in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental illnesses and emotional or personality disorders, and conferring with related professionals;
(f) preparing scholarly papers and reports;
(g) formulating achievement, diagnostic and predictive tests for use by teachers in planning methods and content of instruction;
(h) conducting surveys and research studies on job design, work groups, morale, motivation, supervision and management;
(e) developing theories, models and methods to interpret and describe human behaviour.

Example occupations

Clinical psychologist · Educational psychologist · Organizational psychologist · Psychotherapist · Sports psychologist

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

psychologistESCO 2634.2Same scope
Psychologists study the behaviour and mental processes in humans. They provide services to clients who deal with mental health issues and life issues such as bereavement, relationship difficulties, domestic violence, and sexual abuse. They also provide counselling for mental health issues such as eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorders, and psychosis in order to help the clients rehabilitate and reach a healthy behaviour.
assistant clinical psychologistESCO 3259.2This occupation is broader
Assistant clinical psychologists aid psychologists in their work. They work in healthcare facilities or private practices where they assist psychologists with their treatment of patients. Assistant clinical psychologists are healthcare professionals that can assess patients with psychological tests and aid with therapy, as well as performing administrative functions.
clinical psychologistESCO 2634.2.1This occupation is broader
Clinical psychologists diagnose, rehabilitate, and support individuals affected by mental, emotional, and behavioural disorders and problems as well as mental changes and pathogenic conditions through use of cognitive tools and appropriate intervention. They use clinical psychological resources on the basis of psychological science, its findings, theories, methods, and techniques for the investigation, interpretation, and prediction of human experience and behaviour.
educational psychologistESCO 2634.2.2This occupation is broader
Educational psychologists are psychologists employed by educational institutions to provide psychological and emotional support to students in need. They are specialised in the provision of direct support and interventions to students, conducting psychological testing and assessment, and consulting with families, teachers and other school-based student support professionals, such as school social workers and educational counsellors, about the students. They may also work with the school administration to improve practical support strategies in order to improve the students' well-being.
health psychologistESCO 2634.2.3This occupation is broader
Health psychologists deal with the various aspects of health related behaviour of individuals and groups, by helping individuals or groups prevent illness and promote healthy behaviours by also providing counseling services. They perform tasks for the development of health promotion activities and projects on the basis of psychological science, research findings, theories, methods and techniques. They also engage in research about health related issues to influence public policy on health care issues.
psychotherapistESCO 2634.2.4This occupation is broader
Psychotherapists assist and treat healthcare users with varying degrees of psychological, psychosocial, or psychosomatic behavioural disorders and pathogenic conditions by means of psychotherapeutic methods. They promote personal development and well-being and provide advice on improving relationships, capabilities, and problem-solving techniques. They use science-based psychotherapeutic methods such as behavioural therapy, existential analysis and logotherapy, psychoanalysis or systemic family therapy in order to guide the patients in their development and help them search for appropriate solutions to their problems. Psychotherapists are not required to have academic degrees in psychology or a medical qualification in psychiatry. It is an independent occupation from psychology, psychiatry, and counselling.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME code	ROME title (French)	Relation
K1104	Psychologue	Same scopeprovisional
J1138	Sexologue	Related, not a matchprovisional
K1107	Conseiller / Conseillère d'orientation psychologue	Related, not a matchprovisional
K1111	Psychanalyste	Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 code	CNO-11 title (Spanish)	Relation
2159	Profesionales de la salud no clasificados bajo otros epígrafes	This occupation is narrower
2823	Psicólogos	Related, not a match

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB code	KldB title (German)	Relation
81624	Berufe in der klinischen Psychologie - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten	Overlapping, not the same
81634	Berufe in der nicht ärztlichen Psychotherapie - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten	Overlapping, not the same

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO code	JSCO title (Japanese)	Relation
159	他に分類されない保健医療従事者	This occupation is narrower
243	カウンセラー(医療・福祉施設を除く)	Related, not a match

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources