- O*NET-SOC code
- 19-3093.00
Research, analyze, record, and interpret the past as recorded in sources, such as government and institutional records, newspapers and other periodicals, photographs, interviews, films, electronic media, and unpublished manuscripts, such as personal diaries and letters.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.028
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.47
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Show 3 hidden tasks21 rated tasks · 18 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (85.7%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Organize information for publication and for other means of dissemination, such as via storage media or the Internet.O*NET Task ID 3728 | 1.0 |
Translate or request translation of reference materials.O*NET Task ID 3731 | 1.0 |
Edit historical society publications.O*NET Task ID 3736 | 1.0 |
Organize data, and analyze and interpret its authenticity and relative significance.O*NET Task ID 3717 | 0.5 |
Gather historical data from sources such as archives, court records, diaries, news files, and photographs, as well as from books, pamphlets, and periodicals.O*NET Task ID 3718 | 0.5 |
Trace historical development in a particular field, such as social, cultural, political, or diplomatic history.O*NET Task ID 3719 | 0.5 |
Conduct historical research as a basis for the identification, conservation, and reconstruction of historic places and materials.O*NET Task ID 3720 | 0.5 |
Teach and conduct research in colleges, universities, museums, and other research agencies and schools.O*NET Task ID 3721 | 0.5 |
Conduct historical research, and publish or present findings and theories.O*NET Task ID 3722 | 0.5 |
Prepare publications and exhibits, or review those prepared by others, to ensure their historical accuracy.O*NET Task ID 3724 | 0.5 |
Research the history of a particular country or region, or of a specific time period.O*NET Task ID 3725 | 0.5 |
Present historical accounts in terms of individuals or social, ethnic, political, economic, or geographic groupings.O*NET Task ID 3726 | 0.5 |
Determine which topics to research, or pursue research topics specified by clients or employers.O*NET Task ID 3727 | 0.5 |
Research and prepare manuscripts in support of public programming and the development of exhibits at historic sites, museums, libraries, and archives.O*NET Task ID 3729 | 0.5 |
Advise or consult with individuals and institutions regarding issues such as the historical authenticity of materials or the customs of a specific historical period.O*NET Task ID 3730 | 0.5 |
Collect detailed information on individuals for use in biographies.O*NET Task ID 3732 | 0.5 |
Recommend actions related to historical art, such as which items to add to a collection or which items to display in an exhibit.O*NET Task ID 3734 | 0.5 |
Coordinate activities of workers engaged in cataloging and filing materials.O*NET Task ID 3735 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (21)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Organize data, and analyze and interpret its authenticity and relative significance. | Core |
| Gather historical data from sources such as archives, court records, diaries, news files, and photographs, as well as from books, pamphlets, and periodicals. | Core |
| Trace historical development in a particular field, such as social, cultural, political, or diplomatic history. | Core |
| Conduct historical research as a basis for the identification, conservation, and reconstruction of historic places and materials. | Core |
| Conduct historical research, and publish or present findings and theories. | Core |
| Speak to various groups, organizations, and clubs to promote the aims and activities of historical societies. | Core |
| Prepare publications and exhibits, or review those prepared by others, to ensure their historical accuracy. | Core |
| Research the history of a particular country or region, or of a specific time period. | Core |
| Present historical accounts in terms of individuals or social, ethnic, political, economic, or geographic groupings. | Core |
| Determine which topics to research, or pursue research topics specified by clients or employers. | Core |
| Organize information for publication and for other means of dissemination, such as via storage media or the Internet. | Core |
| Research and prepare manuscripts in support of public programming and the development of exhibits at historic sites, museums, libraries, and archives. | Core |
| Advise or consult with individuals and institutions regarding issues such as the historical authenticity of materials or the customs of a specific historical period. | Core |
| Interview people to gather information about historical events and to record oral histories. | Core |
| Recommend actions related to historical art, such as which items to add to a collection or which items to display in an exhibit. | Core |
| Conserve and preserve manuscripts, records, and other artifacts. | Core |
| Teach and conduct research in colleges, universities, museums, and other research agencies and schools. | Supplemental |
| Translate or request translation of reference materials. | Supplemental |
| Collect detailed information on individuals for use in biographies. | Supplemental |
| Coordinate activities of workers engaged in cataloging and filing materials. | Supplemental |
| Edit historical society publications. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Conserve and preserve manuscripts, records, and other artifacts. | E0 none |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 4K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 4K
- Change (2025–35)
- +3%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $76,750
- Typical education needed for entry
- Master's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21212 | 역사학 연구원 | Same scope | confirmed |
| 21219 | 그 외 인문과학 연구원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2633Philosophers, Historians and Political Scientists
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Philosophers, historians and political scientists conduct research into the nature of human experience and existence, phases or aspects of human history, and political structures, movements and behaviour. They document and report on findings to inform and guide political and individual actions
Tasks
- (a) researching, mostly by reasoning, into the general causes, principles and meanings of the world, human actions, experience and existence, and interpreting and developing philosophical concepts and theories;
- (b) consulting and comparing primary sources, such as original or contemporary records of past events, and secondary sources such as archaeological or anthropological findings;
- (c) extracting relevant material, checking its authenticity, and researching into and describing the history of a particular period, country or region, or a particular facet - for example economic, social or political - of its history;
- (d) conducting research in such fields as political philosophy, or past and present theory and practice of political systems, institutions or behaviour;
- (e) observing contemporary political institutions and opinions, collecting data on them from various sources, including interviews with government and political party officials and other relevant persons;
- (f) developing theories, models and methods to interpret and describe the nature of human experience and historical and political events and behaviour;
- (g) presenting findings and conclusions for publication or use by government, political parties or other organizations and interested persons;
- (h) preparing scholarly papers and reports.
Example occupations
Genealogist · Historian · Philosopher · Political scientist
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- historianESCO 2633.1Same scope
Historians research, analyze, interpret, and present the past of human societies. They analyse documents, sources, and traces from the past in order to understand the past societies.
- genealogistESCO 2633.1.1This occupation is broader
Genealogists trace history and lineages of families. The results of their effort are displayed in a table of the descent from person to person which forms a family tree or they are written as narratives. Genealogists use analysis of public records, informal interviews, genetic analysis, and other methods to gain input information.
- anthropologistESCO 2632.1Overlapping, not the same
Anthropologists research all aspects of life pertaining to humans. They study the various civilisations that have existed along the time and their ways of organisation. They attempt to analyse the physical, societal, linguistic, political, economical, philosophical, and cultural aspects of different people. The aim of their studies is to understand and describe the past of humanity and solve topical societal problems. They explore different perspectives such as philosophical anthropology.
- archaeologistESCO 2632.2Overlapping, not the same
Archaeologists research and study past civilisations and settlements through collecting and inspecting material remains. They analyse and draw conclusions on a wide array of matters such as hierarchy systems, linguistics, culture, and politics based on the study of objects, structures, fossils, relics, and artifacts left behind by these peoples. Archaeologists utilise various interdisciplinary methods such as stratigraphy, typology, 3D analysis, mathematics, and modelling.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K2140 | Historien / Historienne | Same scopeprovisional |
| K2411 | Musicologue | Related, not a match |
| K2401 | Chercheur / Chercheuse en sciences humaines et sociales | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| K2415 | Paléographe | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2822 | Filósofos, historiadores y profesionales en ciencias políticas | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 91224 | Berufe in Geschichtswissenschaften - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Same scope |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 052 | 人文・社会科学系等研究者 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 242 | 学芸員 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources