Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators

Legal Occupations
O*NET-SOC code
23-1022.00

Facilitate negotiation and conflict resolution through dialogue. Resolve conflicts outside of the court system by mutual consent of parties involved.

  • Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08

    Very high· relative

    LowFour relative bandsVery high

    Group-level value

    Scale, basis and source

    Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)

    831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band

    Source dataset (XLSX download)

  • Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03

    0.243

    0.000Range of values carried here0.745
    Scale, basis and source

    Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published

    Mapped onto O*NET tasks

    Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value

    Source dataset (CSV download)

  • Data source: ILOPublished: 2025

    0.37

    0.09Range of values carried here0.70

    Group-level value

    Scale, basis and source

    Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published

    Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published

    Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Show 15 hidden tasks

20 rated tasks · 18 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (90.0%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

  • Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
  • All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
Source
OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release
gh-main-0471612
License
MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Task (O*NET 20.1)Claude.aiRaw / share %APIRaw / share %
Prepare written opinions or decisions regarding cases.

23-1022.00

0.063661.9—0
Use mediation techniques to facilitate communication between disputants, to further parties' understanding of different perspectives, and to guide parties toward mutual agreement.

23-1022.00

0.015014.60.007949.7
Apply relevant laws, regulations, policies, or precedents to reach conclusions.

23-1022.00

0.010510.20.004628.5
Research laws, regulations, policies, or precedent decisions to prepare for hearings.

23-1022.00

0.00969.40.003521.9
Confer with disputants to clarify issues, identify underlying concerns, and develop an understanding of their respective needs and interests.

23-1022.00

0.00403.9—0

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (20)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)Type
Confer with disputants to clarify issues, identify underlying concerns, and develop an understanding of their respective needs and interests.Core
Use mediation techniques to facilitate communication between disputants, to further parties' understanding of different perspectives, and to guide parties toward mutual agreement.Core
Set up appointments for parties to meet for mediation.Core
Prepare settlement agreements for disputants to sign.Core
Prepare written opinions or decisions regarding cases.Core
Rule on exceptions, motions, or admissibility of evidence.Core
Evaluate information from documents, such as claim applications, birth or death certificates, or physician or employer records.Core
Research laws, regulations, policies, or precedent decisions to prepare for hearings.Core
Recommend acceptance or rejection of compromise settlement offers.Core
Conduct initial meetings with disputants to outline the arbitration process, settle procedural matters, such as fees, or determine details, such as witness numbers or time requirements.Core
Issue subpoenas or administer oaths to prepare for formal hearings.Core
Authorize payment of valid claims.Core
Apply relevant laws, regulations, policies, or precedents to reach conclusions.Core
Conduct hearings to obtain information or evidence relative to disposition of claims.Core
Determine extent of liability according to evidence, laws, or administrative or judicial precedents.Core
Organize or deliver public presentations about mediation to organizations, such as community agencies or schools.Supplemental
Interview claimants, agents, or witnesses to obtain information about disputed issues.Supplemental
Participate in court proceedings.Supplemental
Conduct studies of appeals procedures to ensure adherence to legal requirements or to facilitate disposition of cases.Supplemental
Specialize in the negotiation and resolution of environmental conflicts involving issues such as natural resource allocation or regional development planning.Supplemental

Occupation information

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025
11K
Projected employment, 2035
11K
Change (2025–35)
+4.7%
Median annual wage, 2025
$75,530
Typical education needed for entry
Bachelor's degree
lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO codeKSCO titleRelationStatus
27190그 외 법률 전문가This occupation is narrowerconfirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

  • ISCO-08 2619Legal Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified

The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.

This unit group covers legal professionals not classified elsewhere in Minor Group 261: Legal professionals. For instance, the group includes those who perform legal functions other than pleading or prosecuting cases or presiding over judicial proceedings.

Tasks

  • In such cases tasks would include:
  • (a) giving advice on legal aspects of various personal, business and administrative problems;
  • (b) drawing up legal documents and contracts;
  • (c) arranging property transfers;
  • (d) determining, by inquest, the causes of any death not obviously due to natural causes.

Example occupations

Coroner · Jurist (except lawyer or judge) · Notary

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

ISCO-08 2619

  • election observerESCO 2619.3

    Election observers are skilled and trained spectators of  the elections in a functioning democracy in order to enhance the transparency and credibility of the observed elections.

  • legal consultantESCO 2619.5

    Legal consultants advise a varied array of clients ranging from business, individuals, up to legal firms. They provide legal advisory outside courtrooms in relation to legal affairs which depend on the nature of the client. They advise in matters such as merging of multinationals, housing purchase, modification of contracts and its implications. They help clients in general to abide by the regulations and avoid committing illegal acts.

  • mediatorESCO 2619.7

    Mediators resolve disputes between two parties by examining the case, interviewing both parties, and advising on a solution which would be the most beneficial for them. They listen to both parties in order to facilitate communication and find a fair agreement and organise meetings. They aim at resolving disputes through dialogue and alternative solution without having to take the case to litigation and courts. Mediators ensure that the resolution is compliant with legal regulations and is also enforced.

  • ombudsmanESCO 2619.9

    Ombudsmen resolve disputes between two parties where there is a power imbalance, as an impartial mediator. They interview the parties involved and investigate the case in order to come to a resolution beneficial to both parties. They advise on conflict resolution and offer support to clients. The claims are mostly against public institutions and authorities.

  • court jury coordinatorESCO 2619.2

    Court jury coordinators aid lawyers in the preparation of the trial by researching jury members. They aid in the development of trial strategies, analyse the jury's behaviour during a trial, and advise lawyers on proceedings. They also assist in preparing witnesses and constructing arguments.

  • regulatory affairs managerESCO 2619.10

    Regulatory affairs managers are in charge of regulatory and legal affairs in several sectors such as the healthcare, energy and banking industries. They oversee the development of products and services from inception to market release by making sure everything complies with the local legislation and meets regulatory requirements. They have experience in the different phases of regulatory processes and act as an interface between business and government legislation or regulatory boards.

  • legislative drafterESCO 2619.6

    Legislative drafters research pieces of legislations and edit them in order to make them stronger and more clear. Rarely they also add new ideas which have never been incorporated into a law or a bill before.

  • human rights officerESCO 2619.4

    Human rights officers investigate and handle human rights violations, as well as develop plans to reduce violations and to ensure compliance to human rights legislation. They investigate complaints by examining information and interviewing victims and perpetrators, and communicate with organisations involved with human rights activities.

  • coronerESCO 2619.1

    Coroners oversee the examination of deceased individuals in order to determine the cause of death in uncommon circumstances. They ensure records are maintained of the deaths within their jurisdiction, and facilitate communication with other officials to ensure the investigation is complete.

  • notaryESCO 2619.8

    Notaries ensure the authenticity and legitimacy of official documents such as declarations, certificates, contracts, deeds and purchases. They examine the documents, witness the signing and authenticate them. They administer oaths and affirmations and perform other acts of notarisation.

ESCO occupations that ESCO classifies under the ISCO-08 unit groups linked above; they are not matched to this occupation one by one.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME codeROME title (French)Relation
K1229Médiateur administratif / Médiatrice administrativeThis occupation is broaderprovisional
K1913Médiateur / Médiatrice judiciaireThis occupation is broaderprovisional
K1101Conseiller conjugal et familial / Conseillère conjugale et familialeRelated, not a matchprovisional

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 codeCNO-11 title (Spanish)Relation
2599Profesionales del derecho no clasificados bajo otros epígrafesRelated, not a match

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB codeKldB title (German)Relation
73184Berufe in Rechtsberatung, -sprechung und -ordnung (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - hoch komplexe TätigkeitenRelated, not a match
83154Berufe in der Sozial-, Erziehungs- und Suchtberatung - hoch komplexe TätigkeitenRelated, not a match

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO codeJSCO title (Japanese)Relation
179その他の法務従事者This occupation is narrowerprovisional
173弁護士Related, not a matchprovisional

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources