Atmospheric, Earth, Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary
Educational Instruction and Library Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 25-1051.00
Teach courses in the physical sciences, except chemistry and physics. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching, and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.040
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.37
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Show 4 hidden tasks26 rated tasks · 20 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (76.9%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Evaluate and grade students' class work, assignments, and papers.25-1051.00 | 0.257023.5 | 0.410463.4 |
Advise students on academic and vocational curricula and on career issues.25-1051.00 | 0.236621.7 | 0.01121.7 |
Conduct research in a particular field of knowledge and publish findings in professional journals, books, or electronic media.25-1051.00 | 0.138812.7 | 0.086513.4 |
Provide professional consulting services to government or industry.25-1051.00 | 0.127811.7 | 0.01792.8 |
Compile, administer, and grade examinations, or assign this work to others.25-1051.00 | 0.10579.7 | —0 |
Prepare course materials such as syllabi, homework assignments, and handouts.25-1051.00 | 0.03813.5 | 0.00731.1 |
Review papers or serve on editorial boards for scientific journals, and review grant proposals for federal agencies.25-1051.00 | 0.03102.8 | 0.078712.2 |
Compile bibliographies of specialized materials for outside reading assignments.25-1051.00 | 0.02912.7 | 0.00631.0 |
Initiate, facilitate, and moderate classroom discussions.25-1051.00 | 0.02572.4 | 0.00430.7 |
Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, and course materials and methods of instruction.25-1051.00 | 0.02222.0 | 0.00691.1 |
Act as advisers to student organizations.25-1051.00 | 0.01141.0 | —0 |
Perform administrative duties such as serving as department head.25-1051.00 | 0.01081.0 | 0.00590.9 |
Maintain regularly scheduled office hours to advise and assist students.25-1051.00 | 0.00990.9 | —0 |
Participate in student recruitment, registration, and placement activities.25-1051.00 | 0.00820.8 | 0.00600.9 |
Collaborate with colleagues to address teaching and research issues.25-1051.00 | 0.00800.7 | —0 |
Keep abreast of developments in the field by reading current literature, talking with colleagues, and participating in professional conferences.25-1051.00 | 0.00650.6 | —0 |
Supervise undergraduate or graduate teaching, internship, and research work.25-1051.00 | 0.00540.5 | —0 |
Participate in campus and community events.25-1051.00 | 0.00530.5 | —0 |
Write grant proposals to procure external research funding.25-1051.00 | 0.00470.4 | —0 |
Answer questions from the public and media.25-1051.00 | 0.00380.3 | 0.00600.9 |
Serve on academic or administrative committees that deal with institutional policies, departmental matters, and academic issues.25-1051.00 | 0.00350.3 | —0 |
Select and obtain materials and supplies such as textbooks and laboratory equipment.25-1051.00 | 0.00210.2 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Write grant proposals to procure external research funding.O*NET Task ID 5846 | 1.0 |
Prepare course materials, such as syllabi, homework assignments, and handouts.O*NET Task ID 5852 | 1.0 |
Maintain student attendance records, grades, and other required records.O*NET Task ID 5859 | 1.0 |
Compile bibliographies of specialized materials for outside reading assignments.O*NET Task ID 5864 | 1.0 |
Review papers or serve on editorial boards for scientific journals, and review grant proposals for federal agencies.O*NET Task ID 20069 | 1.0 |
Conduct research in a particular field of knowledge and publish findings in professional journals, books, or electronic media.O*NET Task ID 5845 | 0.5 |
Keep abreast of developments in the field by reading current literature, talking with colleagues, and participating in professional conferences.O*NET Task ID 5847 | 0.5 |
Supervise undergraduate or graduate teaching, internship, and research work.O*NET Task ID 5848 | 0.5 |
Prepare and deliver lectures to undergraduate or graduate students on topics such as structural geology, micrometeorology, and atmospheric thermodynamics.O*NET Task ID 5849 | 0.5 |
Evaluate and grade students' class work, assignments, and papers.O*NET Task ID 5851 | 0.5 |
Collaborate with colleagues to address teaching and research issues.O*NET Task ID 5853 | 0.5 |
Compile, administer, and grade examinations, or assign this work to others.O*NET Task ID 5854 | 0.5 |
Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, and course materials and methods of instruction.O*NET Task ID 5855 | 0.5 |
Advise students on academic and vocational curricula and on career issues.O*NET Task ID 5858 | 0.5 |
Participate in student recruitment, registration, and placement activities.O*NET Task ID 5860 | 0.5 |
Perform administrative duties, such as serving as department head.O*NET Task ID 5861 | 0.5 |
Select and obtain materials and supplies, such as textbooks and laboratory equipment.O*NET Task ID 5862 | 0.5 |
Serve on academic or administrative committees that deal with institutional policies, departmental matters, and academic issues.O*NET Task ID 5863 | 0.5 |
Provide professional consulting services to government or industry.O*NET Task ID 5865 | 0.5 |
Answer questions from the public and media.O*NET Task ID 20070 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (26)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Keep abreast of developments in the field by reading current literature, talking with colleagues, and participating in professional conferences. | Core |
| Prepare and deliver lectures to undergraduate or graduate students on topics such as structural geology, micrometeorology, and atmospheric thermodynamics. | Core |
| Supervise laboratory work and field work. | Core |
| Evaluate and grade students' class work, assignments, and papers. | Core |
| Prepare course materials, such as syllabi, homework assignments, and handouts. | Core |
| Collaborate with colleagues to address teaching and research issues. | Core |
| Compile, administer, and grade examinations, or assign this work to others. | Core |
| Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, and course materials and methods of instruction. | Core |
| Initiate, facilitate, and moderate classroom discussions. | Core |
| Maintain regularly scheduled office hours to advise and assist students. | Core |
| Advise students on academic and vocational curricula and on career issues. | Core |
| Maintain student attendance records, grades, and other required records. | Core |
| Select and obtain materials and supplies, such as textbooks and laboratory equipment. | Core |
| Serve on academic or administrative committees that deal with institutional policies, departmental matters, and academic issues. | Core |
| Conduct research in a particular field of knowledge and publish findings in professional journals, books, or electronic media. | Supplemental |
| Write grant proposals to procure external research funding. | Supplemental |
| Supervise undergraduate or graduate teaching, internship, and research work. | Supplemental |
| Participate in student recruitment, registration, and placement activities. | Supplemental |
| Perform administrative duties, such as serving as department head. | Supplemental |
| Compile bibliographies of specialized materials for outside reading assignments. | Supplemental |
| Provide professional consulting services to government or industry. | Supplemental |
| Act as advisers to student organizations. | Supplemental |
| Participate in campus and community events. | Supplemental |
| Purchase and maintain equipment to support research projects. | Supplemental |
| Review papers or serve on editorial boards for scientific journals, and review grant proposals for federal agencies. | Supplemental |
| Answer questions from the public and media. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Supervise laboratory work and field work. | E0 none |
| Purchase and maintain equipment to support research projects. | E0 none |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 12K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 12K
- Change (2025–35)
- +2.4%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $103,170
- Typical education needed for entry
- Doctoral or professional degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26114 | 자연과학‧수학 및 통계학 교수 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2310University and Higher Education Teachers
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
University and higher education teachers prepare and deliver lectures and conduct tutorials in one or more subjects within a prescribed course of study at a university or other higher educational institution. They conduct research, and prepare scholarly papers and books.
Tasks
- (a) designing and modifying curricula and preparing courses of study in accordance with requirements;
- (b) preparing and delivering lectures and conducting tutorials, seminars and laboratory experiments;
- (c) stimulating discussion and independent thought among students;
- (d) supervising, where appropriate, experimental and practical work undertaken by students;
- (e) administering, evaluating and marking examination papers and tests;
- (f) directing research of post-graduate students or other members of department;
- (g) researching into and developing concepts, theories and operational methods for application in industrial and other fields;
- (h) preparing scholarly books, papers or articles;
- (i) participating in departmental and faculty meetings and in conferences and seminars;
Example occupations
Higher education lecturer · Professor · University lecturer · University tutor
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- higher education lecturerESCO 2310.1This occupation is narrower
Higher education lecturers instruct students who have obtained an upper secondary education diploma in their own specialised field of study, which is predominantly academic in nature. They may have job titles such as senior lecturer or professor. They work with their teaching and research assistants for the preparation of lectures and exams, for grading papers and exams, for leading laboratory practices, and for leading review and feedback sessions for the students. They also conduct academic research in their respective field, publish their findings and liaise with their academic colleagues.
- earth science lecturerESCO 2310.1.13This occupation is broader
Earth science lecturers are subject professors, teachers, or lecturers who instruct students who have obtained an upper secondary education diploma in their own specialised field of study, earth science, which is predominantly academic in nature. They work with their university research assistants and university teaching assistants in preparation of lectures and of exams, grading papers and exams and leading review and feedback sessions for the students. They also conduct academic research in their field of earth science, publish their findings and liaise with other university colleagues.
- space science lecturerESCO 2310.1.39This occupation is broader
Space science lecturers are subject professors, teachers, or lecturers who instruct students who have obtained an upper secondary education diploma in their own specialised field of study, space science, which is predominantly academic in nature. They work with their university research assistants and university teaching assistants for the preparation of lectures and of exams, grading papers and leading review and feedback sessions for the students. They also conduct academic research in their field of space science, publish their findings and liaise with other university colleagues.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K2108 | Professeur / Professeure des universités | This occupation is narrower |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2210 | Profesores de universidades y otra enseñanza superior (excepto formación profesional) | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 84304 | Berufe in der Hochschullehre und -forschung - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 198 | 大学教員 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources