Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement Teachers, Postsecondary
Educational Instruction and Library Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 25-1111.00
Teach courses in criminal justice, corrections, and law enforcement administration. Includes both teachers primarily engaged in teaching and those who do a combination of teaching and research.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.37
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Show 4 hidden tasks23 rated tasks · 18 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (78.3%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, course materials, and methods of instruction.25-1111.00 | 0.177720.1 |
Evaluate and grade students' class work, assignments, and papers.25-1111.00 | 0.175319.8 |
Keep abreast of developments in the field by reading current literature, talking with colleagues, and participating in professional conferences.25-1111.00 | 0.105511.9 |
Conduct research in a particular field of knowledge and publish findings in professional journals, books, or electronic media.25-1111.00 | 0.095510.8 |
Compile, administer, and grade examinations, or assign this work to others.25-1111.00 | 0.07047.9 |
Initiate, facilitate, and moderate classroom discussions.25-1111.00 | 0.06657.5 |
Provide professional consulting services to government or industry.25-1111.00 | 0.06477.3 |
Prepare course materials such as syllabi, homework assignments, and handouts.25-1111.00 | 0.02973.4 |
Compile bibliographies of specialized materials for outside reading assignments.25-1111.00 | 0.02963.3 |
Advise students on academic and vocational curricula and on career issues.25-1111.00 | 0.02422.7 |
Collaborate with colleagues to address teaching and research issues.25-1111.00 | 0.01101.2 |
Participate in campus and community events.25-1111.00 | 0.01071.2 |
Participate in student recruitment, registration, and placement activities.25-1111.00 | 0.00991.1 |
Act as advisers to student organizations.25-1111.00 | 0.00480.5 |
Select and obtain materials and supplies such as textbooks.25-1111.00 | 0.00340.4 |
Perform administrative duties such as serving as department head.25-1111.00 | 0.00240.3 |
Maintain regularly scheduled office hours to advise and assist students.25-1111.00 | 0.00230.3 |
Serve on academic or administrative committees that deal with institutional policies, departmental matters, and academic issues.25-1111.00 | 0.00230.3 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Prepare course materials, such as syllabi, homework assignments, and handouts.O*NET Task ID 6198 | 1.0 |
Maintain student attendance records, grades, and other required records.O*NET Task ID 6202 | 1.0 |
Write grant proposals to procure external research funding.O*NET Task ID 6207 | 1.0 |
Compile bibliographies of specialized materials for outside reading assignments.O*NET Task ID 6209 | 1.0 |
Write letters of recommendation for students.O*NET Task ID 21124 | 1.0 |
Keep abreast of developments in the field by reading current literature, talking with colleagues, and participating in professional conferences.O*NET Task ID 6194 | 0.5 |
Evaluate and grade students' class work, assignments, and papers.O*NET Task ID 6195 | 0.5 |
Compile, administer, and grade examinations, or assign this work to others.O*NET Task ID 6196 | 0.5 |
Prepare and deliver lectures to undergraduate or graduate students on topics such as criminal law, defensive policing, and investigation techniques.O*NET Task ID 6197 | 0.5 |
Conduct research in a particular field of knowledge and publish findings in professional journals, books, or electronic media.O*NET Task ID 6199 | 0.5 |
Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, course materials, and methods of instruction.O*NET Task ID 6200 | 0.5 |
Supervise undergraduate or graduate teaching, internship, and research work.O*NET Task ID 6201 | 0.5 |
Select and obtain materials and supplies, such as textbooks.O*NET Task ID 6203 | 0.5 |
Advise students on academic and vocational curricula and on career issues.O*NET Task ID 6204 | 0.5 |
Collaborate with colleagues to address teaching and research issues.O*NET Task ID 6206 | 0.5 |
Participate in student recruitment, registration, and placement activities.O*NET Task ID 6210 | 0.5 |
Provide professional consulting services to government or industry.O*NET Task ID 6211 | 0.5 |
Perform administrative duties, such as serving as department head.O*NET Task ID 6212 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (23)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Initiate, facilitate, and moderate classroom discussions. | Core |
| Keep abreast of developments in the field by reading current literature, talking with colleagues, and participating in professional conferences. | Core |
| Evaluate and grade students' class work, assignments, and papers. | Core |
| Compile, administer, and grade examinations, or assign this work to others. | Core |
| Prepare and deliver lectures to undergraduate or graduate students on topics such as criminal law, defensive policing, and investigation techniques. | Core |
| Prepare course materials, such as syllabi, homework assignments, and handouts. | Core |
| Plan, evaluate, and revise curricula, course content, course materials, and methods of instruction. | Core |
| Maintain student attendance records, grades, and other required records. | Core |
| Select and obtain materials and supplies, such as textbooks. | Core |
| Advise students on academic and vocational curricula and on career issues. | Core |
| Maintain regularly scheduled office hours to advise and assist students. | Core |
| Collaborate with colleagues to address teaching and research issues. | Core |
| Serve on academic or administrative committees that deal with institutional policies, departmental matters, and academic issues. | Core |
| Compile bibliographies of specialized materials for outside reading assignments. | Core |
| Participate in student recruitment, registration, and placement activities. | Core |
| Participate in campus and community events. | Core |
| Write letters of recommendation for students. | Core |
| Conduct research in a particular field of knowledge and publish findings in professional journals, books, or electronic media. | Supplemental |
| Supervise undergraduate or graduate teaching, internship, and research work. | Supplemental |
| Write grant proposals to procure external research funding. | Supplemental |
| Provide professional consulting services to government or industry. | Supplemental |
| Perform administrative duties, such as serving as department head. | Supplemental |
| Act as advisers to student organizations. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 16K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 16K
- Change (2025–35)
- +1.5%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $76,590
- Typical education needed for entry
- Doctoral or professional degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26113 | 사회과학‧경영 및 법학 교수 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2310University and Higher Education Teachers
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
University and higher education teachers prepare and deliver lectures and conduct tutorials in one or more subjects within a prescribed course of study at a university or other higher educational institution. They conduct research, and prepare scholarly papers and books.
Tasks
- (a) designing and modifying curricula and preparing courses of study in accordance with requirements;
- (b) preparing and delivering lectures and conducting tutorials, seminars and laboratory experiments;
- (c) stimulating discussion and independent thought among students;
- (d) supervising, where appropriate, experimental and practical work undertaken by students;
- (e) administering, evaluating and marking examination papers and tests;
- (f) directing research of post-graduate students or other members of department;
- (g) researching into and developing concepts, theories and operational methods for application in industrial and other fields;
- (h) preparing scholarly books, papers or articles;
- (i) participating in departmental and faculty meetings and in conferences and seminars;
Example occupations
Higher education lecturer · Professor · University lecturer · University tutor
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- higher education lecturerESCO 2310.1This occupation is narrower
Higher education lecturers instruct students who have obtained an upper secondary education diploma in their own specialised field of study, which is predominantly academic in nature. They may have job titles such as senior lecturer or professor. They work with their teaching and research assistants for the preparation of lectures and exams, for grading papers and exams, for leading laboratory practices, and for leading review and feedback sessions for the students. They also conduct academic research in their respective field, publish their findings and liaise with their academic colleagues.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K2108 | Professeur / Professeure des universités | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2210 | Profesores de universidades y otra enseñanza superior (excepto formación profesional) | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 84304 | Berufe in der Hochschullehre und -forschung - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrower |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 198 | 大学教員 | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources