O*NET-SOC code
27-1011.00

Formulate design concepts and presentation approaches for visual productions and media, such as print, broadcasting, video, and film. Direct workers engaged in artwork or layout design.

  • Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08

    Very high· relative

    LowFour relative bandsVery high

    Group-level value

    Scale, basis and source

    Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)

    831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band

    Source dataset (XLSX download)

  • Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03

    0.210

    0.000Range of values carried here0.745
    Scale, basis and source

    Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published

    Mapped onto O*NET tasks

    Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value

    Source dataset (CSV download)

  • Data source: ILOPublished: 2025

    0.37

    0.09Range of values carried here0.70

    Group-level value

    Scale, basis and source

    Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published

    Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published

    Source dataset (PDF download)

What kind of figure this source publishes

The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.

Task-level exposure

Show 1 hidden task

16 rated tasks · 15 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (93.8%)

β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.

  • Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
  • All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
Source
OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
Release
gh-main-0471612
License
MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI

Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.

Task (O*NET 27.2)βE1 + 0.5 × E2
Review and approve art materials, copy materials, and proofs of printed copy developed by staff members.

O*NET Task ID 285

1.0
Formulate basic layout design or presentation approach and specify material details, such as style and size of type, photographs, graphics, animation, video, and sound.

O*NET Task ID 284

0.5
Manage own accounts and projects, working within budget and scheduling requirements.

O*NET Task ID 286

0.5
Present final layouts to clients for approval.

O*NET Task ID 288

0.5
Confer with clients to determine objectives, budget, background information, and presentation approaches, styles, and techniques.

O*NET Task ID 289

0.5
Hire, train, and direct staff members who develop design concepts into art layouts or who prepare layouts for printing.

O*NET Task ID 290

0.5
Work with creative directors to develop design solutions.

O*NET Task ID 291

0.5
Review illustrative material to determine if it conforms to standards and specifications.

O*NET Task ID 292

0.5
Attend photo shoots and printing sessions to ensure that the products needed are obtained.

O*NET Task ID 293

0.5
Create custom illustrations or other graphic elements.

O*NET Task ID 294

0.5
Mark up, paste, and complete layouts and write typography instructions to prepare materials for typesetting or printing.

O*NET Task ID 295

0.5
Negotiate with printers and estimators to determine what services will be performed.

O*NET Task ID 296

0.5
Conceptualize and help design interfaces for multimedia games, products, and devices.

O*NET Task ID 297

0.5
Prepare detailed storyboards showing sequence and timing of story development for television production.

O*NET Task ID 298

0.5
Research current trends and new technology, such as printing production techniques, computer software, and design trends.

O*NET Task ID 20242

0.5

β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.

Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page

All O*NET 31.0 task statements (16)

All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.

Task (O*NET 31.0)Type
Formulate basic layout design or presentation approach and specify material details, such as style and size of type, photographs, graphics, animation, video, and sound.Core
Review and approve art materials, copy materials, and proofs of printed copy developed by staff members.Core
Manage own accounts and projects, working within budget and scheduling requirements.Core
Confer with creative, art, copywriting, or production department heads to discuss client requirements and presentation concepts and to coordinate creative activities.Core
Present final layouts to clients for approval.Core
Confer with clients to determine objectives, budget, background information, and presentation approaches, styles, and techniques.Core
Hire, train, and direct staff members who develop design concepts into art layouts or who prepare layouts for printing.Core
Work with creative directors to develop design solutions.Core
Review illustrative material to determine if it conforms to standards and specifications.Core
Attend photo shoots and printing sessions to ensure that the products needed are obtained.Core
Create custom illustrations or other graphic elements.Core
Research current trends and new technology, such as printing production techniques, computer software, and design trends.Core
Mark up, paste, and complete layouts and write typography instructions to prepare materials for typesetting or printing.Supplemental
Negotiate with printers and estimators to determine what services will be performed.Supplemental
Conceptualize and help design interfaces for multimedia games, products, and devices.Supplemental
Prepare detailed storyboards showing sequence and timing of story development for television production.Supplemental

Occupation information

Employment outlook (BLS)

Employment, 2025
140K
Projected employment, 2035
146K
Change (2025–35)
+4.2%
Median annual wage, 2025
$114,850
Typical education needed for entry
Bachelor's degree
lowest $30,890median wage across 825 detailed occupations, BLS EP 2025–35highest $559,030

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections 2025–35 — Employment by detailed occupation, 2025 and projected 2035

Korea classification links (KSCO)

Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.

KSCO codeKSCO titleRelationStatus
13402디자인 관련 관리자Overlapping, not the sameconfirmed
29312기술 감독Related, not a matchconfirmed

Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)

ILO occupational description

AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.

  • ISCO-08 2654Film, Stage and Related Directors and Producers

The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.

Film, stage and related directors and producers oversee and control the technical and artistic aspects of motion pictures, television or radio productions and stage shows.

Tasks

  • (a) choosing writers, studying scripts to determine artistic interpretation, and instructing actors on acting methods;
  • (b) directing all aspects of dramatic productions on stage, television, radio or in motion pictures, including choice of actors, and final decisions concerning costumes, set designs, sound or lighting effects;
  • (c) planning, organizing and controlling the various stages and scheduling involved in the production of presentations, motion pictures, television shows and radio programmes;
  • (d) engaging and supervising all technical personnel, and determining the treatment, scope and scheduling of production;
  • (e) maintaining production archives and negotiating royalties;
  • (f) creating, planning, writing scripts for recording, videotaping and editing programmes;
  • (g) supervising the positioning of scenery, props and lighting and sound equipment.

Example occupations

Documentary director · Film editor · Motion picture director · Photography director · Stage director · Technical director · Technical television or radio director · Theatre producer

Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits

ESCO occupational vocabulary

Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.

  • art directorESCO 2166.4Same scope

    Art directors shape the visual layout of a concept. They create innovative designs, develop artistic projects  and manage the cooperation between all aspects involved. Art directors may perform creative work in theatre, marketing, advertising, video and motion picture, fashion or online companies. They ensure that the work performed is visually appealing to audiences.

  • animation directorESCO 2166.4.1This occupation is broader

    Animation directors supervise and recruit multimedia artists. They are responsible for the quality of the animation, that the production is delivered on time and within budget.

  • creative directorESCO 2431.7This occupation is broader

    Creative directors manage the team that is responsible for the creation of advertisements and commercials. They oversee the whole creation process. Creative directors pitch the designs of their team to the client.

  • flying directorESCO 3435.9This occupation is broader

    Flying directors design people flying effects for a performance and supervise or perform the execution of it. Their work is based on research and artistic vision. Their design is influenced by and influences other designs and must be conform with these designs and the overall artistic vision. They train the actors for the flying choreography and manipulate them during the performance. Therefore, the flying directors work closely with artistic directors, operators, performers and the artistic team. Flying directors prepare and supervise the setup, perform security checks and operate the person fly systems. They are trained to react appropriately to emergencies that may occur in connection to performance flying. Their work is based on plans, instructions and calculations. The manipulation of persons on height, close to or above performers and audience makes this a high risk occupation.

  • production designerESCO 2166.4.5This occupation is broader

    Production designers are responsible for the complete look (style, colouring and locations) of television programmes, series, motion pictures and commercials. They create the visual concept for the entire production such as set design, lighting, costumes and camera angles. Production designers work together with the director, designers and oversee the art department. They also create sketches, drawings, do colouring and location research and advise props and stage settings to the director.

  • stage managerESCO 3435.20This occupation is broader

    Stage managers coordinate and supervise the preparation and execution of the show to ensure the scenic image and the actions on stage comply with the artistic vision of the director and the artistic team. Identify needs, monitor the technical and artistic processes during rehearsals and performances of live shows and events, according to the artistic project, the characteristics of the stage and technical, economic, human and security terms.

  • video and motion picture directorESCO 2166.4.8This occupation is broader

    Video and motion picture directors are responsible for the overall production of a movie or television program. They edit and translate the script into audiovisual images. Video and motion picture directors supervise and manage the film crew. They convey their creative vision on the actors, audio and video equipment operators, lighting technicians, etc and direct them. Video and motion picture directors also supervise the editing of the footage.

  • technical directorESCO 2166.4.7Overlapping, not the same

    Technical directors realise the artistic visions of the creators within technical constraints. They coordinate the operations of various production units, such as scene, wardrobe, sound and lighting, and make-up. They adapt the prototype and study the feasibility, implementation, operation and technical monitoring of the artistic project. They are also responsible for the stage equipment and technical equipment.

Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)

License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)

View original

ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.

France classification links (ROME)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.

ROME codeROME title (French)Relation
E1129Directeur / Directrice artistique communicationThis occupation is broaderprovisional
E1128Directeur / Directrice de créationOverlapping, not the sameprovisional
L1524Chef décorateur / Cheffe décoratrice spectacleRelated, not a matchprovisional

Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.

ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)

Spain classification links (CNO-11)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

CNO-11 codeCNO-11 title (Spanish)Relation
2484Diseñadores gráficos y multimediaThis occupation is narrower

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)

Germany classification links (KldB)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

KldB codeKldB title (German)Relation
23294Führungskräfte - Technische MediengestaltungSame scopeprovisional
23293Aufsichtskräfte - Technische MediengestaltungRelated, not a matchprovisional
94693Aufsichtskräfte - Bühnen- und Kostümbildnerei, RequisiteRelated, not a matchprovisional

Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)

Japan classification links (JSCO)

AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.

JSCO codeJSCO title (Japanese)Relation
224デザイナーRelated, not a match

Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.

(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)

Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources