- O*NET-SOC code
- 27-3041.00
Plan, coordinate, revise, or edit written material. May review proposals and drafts for possible publication.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.246
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.54–0.55· 2 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 2641Authors and Related Writers0.55
- ISCO-08 2642Journalists0.54
Task-level exposure
Show 9 hidden tasks21 rated tasks · 20 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (95.2%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- 1 rated task is not in the O*NET 31.0 task list; its score is kept as published for O*NET 27.2.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Prepare, rewrite and edit copy to improve readability, or supervise others who do this work.27-3041.00 | 1.351487.0 | 0.545579.2 |
Read, evaluate and edit manuscripts or other materials submitted for publication and confer with authors regarding changes in content, style or organization, or publication.27-3041.00 | 0.12818.3 | 0.124118.0 |
Review and approve proofs submitted by composing room prior to publication production.27-3041.00 | 0.04783.1 | 0.00480.7 |
Make manuscript acceptance or revision recommendations to the publisher.27-3041.00 | 0.00960.6 | —0 |
Develop story or content ideas, considering reader or audience appeal.27-3041.00 | 0.00550.4 | 0.00460.7 |
Read material to determine index items and arrange them alphabetically or topically, indicating page or chapter location.27-3041.00 | 0.00300.2 | 0.00430.6 |
Allocate print space for story text, photos, and illustrations according to space parameters and copy significance, using knowledge of layout principles.27-3041.00 | 0.00240.2 | —0 |
Arrange for copyright permissions.27-3041.00 | 0.00180.1 | —0 |
Read copy or proof to detect and correct errors in spelling, punctuation, and syntax.27-3041.00 | 0.00160.1 | 0.00270.4 |
Oversee publication production, including artwork, layout, computer typesetting, and printing, ensuring adherence to deadlines and budget requirements.27-3041.00 | 0.00150.1 | —0 |
Plan the contents of publications according to the publication's style, editorial policy, and publishing requirements. | —0 | 0.00240.3 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Prepare, rewrite and edit copy to improve readability, or supervise others who do this work.O*NET Task ID 1776 | 1.0 |
Read copy or proof to detect and correct errors in spelling, punctuation, and syntax.O*NET Task ID 1777 | 1.0 |
Develop story or content ideas, considering reader or audience appeal.O*NET Task ID 1782 | 1.0 |
Read, evaluate and edit manuscripts or other materials submitted for publication, and confer with authors regarding changes in content, style or organization, or publication.O*NET Task ID 1786 | 1.0 |
Make manuscript acceptance or revision recommendations to the publisher.O*NET Task ID 1790 | 1.0 |
Read material to determine index items and arrange them alphabetically or topically, indicating page or chapter location.O*NET Task ID 1795 | 1.0 |
Write text, such as stories, articles, editorials, or newsletters.O*NET Task ID 21000 | 1.0 |
Allocate print space for story text, photos, and illustrations according to space parameters and copy significance, using knowledge of layout principles.O*NET Task ID 1778 | 0.5 |
Plan the contents of publications according to the publication's style, editorial policy, and publishing requirements.O*NET Task ID 1779 | 0.5 |
Verify facts, dates, and statistics, using standard reference sources.O*NET Task ID 1780 | 0.5 |
Review and approve proofs submitted by composing room prior to publication production.O*NET Task ID 1781 | 0.5 |
Oversee publication production, including artwork, layout, computer typesetting, and printing, ensuring adherence to deadlines and budget requirements.O*NET Task ID 1783 | 0.5 |
Confer with management and editorial staff members regarding placement and emphasis of developing news stories.O*NET Task ID 1784 | 0.5 |
Assign topics, events and stories to individual writers or reporters for coverage.O*NET Task ID 1785 | 0.5 |
Monitor news-gathering operations to ensure utilization of all news sources, such as press releases, telephone contacts, radio, television, wire services, and other reporters.O*NET Task ID 1787 | 0.5 |
Supervise and coordinate work of reporters and other editors.O*NET Task ID 1789 | 0.5 |
Select local, state, national, and international news items received from wire services, based on assessment of items' significance and interest value.O*NET Task ID 1791 | 0.5 |
Interview and hire writers and reporters or negotiate contracts, royalties, and payments for authors or freelancers.O*NET Task ID 1792 | 0.5 |
Direct the policies and departments of newspapers, magazines and other publishing establishments.O*NET Task ID 1793 | 0.5 |
Arrange for copyright permissions.O*NET Task ID 1794 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (22)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Prepare, rewrite and edit copy to improve readability, or supervise others who do this work. | Core |
| Read copy or proof to detect and correct errors in spelling, punctuation, and syntax. | Core |
| Allocate print space for story text, photos, and illustrations according to space parameters and copy significance, using knowledge of layout principles. | Core |
| Plan the contents of publications according to the publication's style, editorial policy, and publishing requirements. | Core |
| Verify facts, dates, and statistics, using standard reference sources. | Core |
| Review and approve proofs submitted by composing room prior to publication production. | Core |
| Develop story or content ideas, considering reader or audience appeal. | Core |
| Oversee publication production, including artwork, layout, computer typesetting, and printing, ensuring adherence to deadlines and budget requirements. | Core |
| Confer with management and editorial staff members regarding placement and emphasis of developing news stories. | Core |
| Assign topics, events and stories to individual writers or reporters for coverage. | Core |
| Read, evaluate and edit manuscripts or other materials submitted for publication, and confer with authors regarding changes in content, style or organization, or publication. | Core |
| Monitor news-gathering operations to ensure utilization of all news sources, such as press releases, telephone contacts, radio, television, wire services, and other reporters. | Core |
| Meet frequently with artists, typesetters, layout personnel, marketing directors, and production managers to discuss projects and resolve problems. | Core |
| Supervise and coordinate work of reporters and other editors. | Core |
| Select local, state, national, and international news items received from wire services, based on assessment of items' significance and interest value. | Core |
| Interview and hire writers and reporters or negotiate contracts, royalties, and payments for authors or freelancers. | Core |
| Direct the policies and departments of newspapers, magazines and other publishing establishments. | Core |
| Write text, such as headlines, stories, articles, editorials, or newsletters. | Core |
| Respond to questions from the public. | Core |
| Make manuscript acceptance or revision recommendations to the publisher. | Supplemental |
| Arrange for copyright permissions. | Supplemental |
| Read material to determine index items and arrange them alphabetically or topically, indicating page or chapter location. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 105K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 104K
- Change (2025–35)
- -1.1%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $77,920
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 29121 | 출판물 기획자 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 29122 | 출판물 편집자 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 29131 | 기자 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 13403 | 방송‧출판 및 영상 관련 관리자 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2641Authors and Related Writers
- ISCO-08 2642Journalists
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- book editorESCO 2641.1This occupation is broader
Book editors find manuscripts that can be published. They review texts from writers to evaluate the commercial potential or they ask writers to take on projects that the publishing company wishes to publish. Book editors maintain good relationships with writers.
- book publisherESCO 1349.7This occupation is broader
Book publishers are responsible for the selection of new materials. They decide which manuscripts, that the book editor has provided, are being published. Book publishers oversee the production, marketing and distribution of these texts.
- columnistESCO 2642.1.4This occupation is broader
Columnists research and write opinion pieces about news events for newspapers, journals, magazines and other media. They have an area of interest and can be recognised by their writing style.
- copy editorESCO 2642.1.5This occupation is broader
Copy editors ascertain that a text is agreeable to read. They ensure that a text adheres to the conventions of grammar and spelling. Copy editors read and revise materials for books, journals, magazines and other media.
- editor-in-chiefESCO 2642.1.8This occupation is broader
Editors-in-chief oversee the production of news stories for newspapers, magazines, journals and other media. They manage the day-to-day operations of a publication and make sure it is ready on time.
- editorial assistantESCO 3343.2This occupation is broader
Editorial assistants support the editorial staff at all stages of the publication process of newspapers, websites, online newsletters, books and journals. They collect, verify and process information, acquire permits and deal with rights. Editorial assistants act as point of contact for the editorial staff, schedule appointments and interviews. They proofread and give recommendations on the content.
- fact checkerESCO 2642.1.10This occupation is broader
Fact checkers make certain that all the information in texts that are ready for publishing is correct. They research the facts thoroughly and correct errors.
- magazine editorESCO 2642.1.12This occupation is broader
Magazine editors decide which stories are interesting enough and will be covered in the magazine. They assign journalists to each item. Magazine editors determine the length of each article and where it will be featured in the magazine. They also ensure that publications are finished on time for publishing.
- newspaper editorESCO 2642.1.13This occupation is broader
Newspaper editors decide which news stories are interesting enough and will be covered in the paper. They assign journalists to each item. Newspaper editors determine the length of each news article and where it will be featured in the newspaper. They also ensure that publications are finished on time for publishing.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| E1105 | Editeur / Editrice | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| E1110 | Directeur / Directrice de la rédaction | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| E1116 | Responsable d'édition en presse | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| E1121 | Secrétaire de rédaction | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| E1130 | Chargé / Chargée d'édition musicale graphique | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| E1132 | Directeur éditorial / Directrice éditoriale | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2921 | Escritores | Related, not a match |
| 2922 | Periodistas | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 92424 | Lektoren/Lektorinnen - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broader |
| 92413 | Redakteure/Redakteurinnen und Journalisten/Journalistinnen - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the same |
| 92494 | Führungskräfte - Redaktion und Journalismus | Related, not a match |
| 92412 | Redakteure/Redakteurinnen und Journalisten/Journalistinnen - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 212 | 記者，編集者 | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Recent Changes Related to This Occupation
Summaries and relation labels are AI Changing Work's own; check any figures against the linked source.
Related Brookings (Hui & Reshef, Jul 2025): freelancers offering copyediting, proofreading and other text-heavy services saw about 2% fewer new monthly contracts and 5% lower earnings after ChatGPT, and experienced, higher-rated freelancers lost more than junior ones, a result the authors call counterintuitive.
[Source: Brookings Institution (Hui & Reshef, 2025)]
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources