Writers and Authors
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 27-3043.00
Originate and prepare written material, such as scripts, stories, advertisements, and other material.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.246
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.55· 2 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 2431Advertising and Marketing Professionals0.55
- ISCO-08 2641Authors and Related Writers0.55
Task-level exposure
Show 2 hidden tasks20 rated tasks · 20 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (100.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Tasks of O*NET-SOC 2010 occupation 27-3043.04 Copy Writers, linked to this occupation by the O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019 crosswalk
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Edit or rewrite existing copy as necessary, and submit copy for approval by supervisor.27-3043.04 | 0.756047.0 |
Write advertising copy for use by publication, broadcast, or internet media to promote the sale of goods and services.27-3043.04 | 0.488330.4 |
Write articles, bulletins, sales letters, speeches, and other related informative, marketing and promotional material.27-3043.04 | 0.170310.6 |
Vary language and tone of messages based on product and medium.27-3043.04 | 0.09886.1 |
Write to customers in their terms and on their level so that the advertiser's sales message is more readily received.27-3043.04 | 0.03502.2 |
Invent names for products and write the slogans that appear on packaging, brochures and other promotional material.27-3043.04 | 0.03452.1 |
Present drafts and ideas to clients.27-3043.04 | 0.00700.4 |
Discuss with the client the product, advertising themes and methods, and any changes that should be made in advertising copy.27-3043.04 | 0.00650.4 |
Review advertising trends, consumer surveys, and other data regarding marketing of goods and services to determine the best way to promote products.27-3043.04 | 0.00630.4 |
Develop advertising campaigns for a wide range of clients, working with an advertising agency's creative director and art director to determine the best way to present advertising information.27-3043.04 | 0.00510.3 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Discuss with the client the product, advertising themes and methods, and any changes that should be made in advertising copy.O*NET Task ID 22653 | 1.0 |
Present drafts and ideas to clients.O*NET Task ID 22654 | 1.0 |
Vary language and tone of messages based on product and medium.O*NET Task ID 22655 | 1.0 |
Write articles, bulletins, sales letters, speeches, and other related informative, marketing and promotional material.O*NET Task ID 22657 | 1.0 |
Invent names for products and write the slogans that appear on packaging, brochures and other promotional material.O*NET Task ID 22659 | 1.0 |
Collaborate with other writers on specific projects.O*NET Task ID 22661 | 1.0 |
Edit or rewrite existing written material as necessary, and submit written material for approval by supervisor, editor, or publisher.O*NET Task ID 22664 | 1.0 |
Follow appropriate procedures to get copyrights for completed work.O*NET Task ID 22665 | 1.0 |
Plan project arrangements or outlines, and organize material accordingly.O*NET Task ID 22666 | 1.0 |
Prepare works in appropriate format for publication, and send them to publishers or producers.O*NET Task ID 22667 | 1.0 |
Revise written material to meet personal standards and to satisfy needs of clients, publishers, directors, or producers.O*NET Task ID 22668 | 1.0 |
Work with staff to develop script, story, or advertising concepts.O*NET Task ID 22669 | 1.0 |
Write advertising material for use by publication, broadcast, or internet media to promote the sale of goods and services.O*NET Task ID 22670 | 1.0 |
Write fiction or nonfiction prose, such as short stories, novels, biographies, articles, descriptive or critical analyses, and essays.O*NET Task ID 22671 | 1.0 |
Write to customers in their terms and on their level so that the script, story, or advertisement message is more readily received.O*NET Task ID 22672 | 1.0 |
Develop advertising campaigns for a wide range of clients, working with an advertising agency's creative director and art director to determine the best way to present advertising information.O*NET Task ID 22656 | 0.5 |
Conduct research and interviews to determine which of a product's selling features should be promoted.O*NET Task ID 22658 | 0.5 |
Review advertising trends, consumer surveys, and other data regarding marketing of goods and services to determine the best way to promote products.O*NET Task ID 22660 | 0.5 |
Conduct research to obtain factual information and authentic detail, using sources such as newspaper accounts, diaries, and interviews.O*NET Task ID 22662 | 0.5 |
Consult with sales, media and marketing representatives to obtain information on product or service and discuss style and length of advertising written material.O*NET Task ID 22663 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (20)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Discuss with the client the product, advertising themes and methods, and any changes that should be made in advertising copy. | Core |
| Present drafts and ideas to clients. | Core |
| Vary language and tone of messages based on product and medium. | Core |
| Write articles, bulletins, sales letters, speeches, and other related informative, marketing and promotional material. | Core |
| Conduct research and interviews to determine which of a product's selling features should be promoted. | Core |
| Collaborate with other writers on specific projects. | Core |
| Conduct research to obtain factual information and authentic detail, using sources such as newspaper accounts, diaries, and interviews. | Core |
| Consult with sales, media and marketing representatives to obtain information on product or service and discuss style and length of advertising written material. | Core |
| Edit or rewrite existing written material as necessary, and submit written material for approval by supervisor, editor, or publisher. | Core |
| Plan project arrangements or outlines, and organize material accordingly. | Core |
| Prepare works in appropriate format for publication, and send them to publishers or producers. | Core |
| Revise written material to meet personal standards and to satisfy needs of clients, publishers, directors, or producers. | Core |
| Work with staff to develop script, story, or advertising concepts. | Core |
| Write advertising material for use by publication, broadcast, or internet media to promote the sale of goods and services. | Core |
| Write fiction or nonfiction prose, such as short stories, novels, biographies, articles, descriptive or critical analyses, and essays. | Core |
| Write to customers in their terms and on their level so that the script, story, or advertisement message is more readily received. | Core |
| Develop advertising campaigns for a wide range of clients, working with an advertising agency's creative director and art director to determine the best way to present advertising information. | Supplemental |
| Invent names for products and write the slogans that appear on packaging, brochures and other promotional material. | Supplemental |
| Review advertising trends, consumer surveys, and other data regarding marketing of goods and services to determine the best way to promote products. | Supplemental |
| Follow appropriate procedures to get copyrights for completed work. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 27-3043 group (Writers and authors), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 140K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 140K
- Change (2025–35)
- -0.3%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $76,910
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28331 | 광고 전문가 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
| 29111 | 방송 및 시나리오 작가 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 29112 | 문학 작가 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 29119 | 그 외 작가 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 29132 | 평론가 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2431Advertising and Marketing Professionals
- ISCO-08 2641Authors and Related Writers
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- advertising copywriterESCO 2431.1This occupation is broader
Advertising copywriters are responsible for the written or verbal design of advertisements and commercials. They write slogans, catchphrases, etc. Advertising copywriters work closely together with advertising artists.
- bloggerESCO 2642.1.1This occupation is broader
Bloggers write online articles on a wide range of subjects such as politics, fashion, economics and sports. They can relate objective facts, but often they also give their opinion on the related topic. Bloggers also interact with their readers via comments.
- speechwriterESCO 2641.4.3This occupation is broader
Speechwriters research and write speeches on multiple topics. They need to catch and hold the interest of an audience. Speechwriters create presentations in a conversational tone so it looks like if the text was not scripted. They write in a comprehensible manner so the audience gets the message of the speech.
- writerESCO 2641.4This occupation is broader
Writers develop content for books. They write novels, poetry, short stories, comics and other forms of literature. These forms of writing can be fictional or non-fictional.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| E1102 | Auteur / Auteure | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| E1119 | Concepteur rédacteur / Conceptrice rédactrice | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| E1134 | Scénariste | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| E1406 | Influenceur / Influenceuse web | Related, not a match |
| K1228 | Ecrivain public / Ecrivaine publique | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2921 | Escritores | This occupation is narrower |
| 2651 | Profesionales de la publicidad y la comercialización | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 92434 | Autoren/Autorinnen und Schriftsteller/innen - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broader |
| 92113 | Berufe in Werbung und Marketing - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 92413 | Redakteure/Redakteurinnen und Journalisten/Journalistinnen - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | 著述家 | This occupation is narrower |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Recent Changes Related to This Occupation
Summaries and relation labels are AI Changing Work's own; check any figures against the linked source.
Related Brookings (Hui & Reshef, Jul 2025): freelancers in text-heavy services exposed to ChatGPT saw about 2% fewer new monthly contracts and a roughly 5% drop in monthly earnings, with experienced, higher-priced freelancers hit hardest.
[Source: Brookings Institution (Hui & Reshef, 2025)]
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources