Interpreters and Translators
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 27-3091.00
Interpret oral or sign language, or translate written text from one language into another.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Very high· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.430
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.59
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only17 rated tasks · 15 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (88.2%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 30.2) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Read written materials, such as legal documents, scientific works, or news reports, and rewrite material into specified languages.27-3091.00 | 0.470051.1 | 0.760058.9 |
Translate messages simultaneously or consecutively into specified languages, orally or by using hand signs, maintaining message content, context, and style as much as possible.27-3091.00 | 0.370040.2 | 0.210016.3 |
Identify and resolve conflicts related to the meanings of words, concepts, practices, or behaviors.27-3091.00 | 0.04004.3 | 0.01000.8 |
Proofread, edit, and revise translated materials.27-3091.00 | 0.03003.3 | 0.04003.1 |
Adapt software and accompanying technical documents to another language and culture.27-3091.00 | 0.01001.1 | 0.10007.8 |
Compile terminology and information to be used in translations, including technical terms such as those for legal or medical material.27-3091.00 | 0.00000.0 | 0.07005.4 |
Compile information on content and context of information to be translated and on intended audience.27-3091.00 | 0.00000.0 | 0.06004.7 |
Check translations of technical terms and terminology to ensure that they are accurate and remain consistent throughout translation revisions.27-3091.00 | 0.00000.0 | 0.02001.6 |
Check original texts or confer with authors to ensure that translations retain the content, meaning, and feeling of the original material.27-3091.00 | 0.00000.0 | 0.02001.6 |
Adapt translations to students' cognitive and grade levels, collaborating with educational team members as necessary.27-3091.00 | 0.00000.0 | 0.00000.0 |
Listen to speakers' statements to determine meanings and to prepare translations, using electronic listening systems as necessary.27-3091.00 | 0.00000.0 | 0.00000.0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 6 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Follow ethical codes that protect the confidentiality of information. | —0 | —0 |
Refer to reference materials, such as dictionaries, lexicons, encyclopedias, and computerized terminology banks, as needed to ensure translation accuracy. | —0 | —0 |
Discuss translation requirements with clients and determine any fees to be charged for services provided. | —0 | —0 |
Educate students, parents, staff, and teachers about the roles and functions of educational interpreters. | —0 | —0 |
Train and supervise other translators or interpreters. | —0 | —0 |
Travel with or guide tourists who speak another language. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Identify and resolve conflicts related to the meanings of words, concepts, practices, or behaviors.O*NET Task ID 9327 | 1.0 |
Translate messages simultaneously or consecutively into specified languages, orally or by using hand signs, maintaining message content, context, and style as much as possible.O*NET Task ID 9328 | 1.0 |
Proofread, edit, and revise translated materials.O*NET Task ID 9329 | 1.0 |
Check translations of technical terms and terminology to ensure that they are accurate and remain consistent throughout translation revisions.O*NET Task ID 9330 | 1.0 |
Read written materials, such as legal documents, scientific works, or news reports, and rewrite material into specified languages.O*NET Task ID 9331 | 1.0 |
Refer to reference materials, such as dictionaries, lexicons, encyclopedias, and computerized terminology banks, as needed to ensure translation accuracy.O*NET Task ID 9332 | 1.0 |
Compile terminology and information to be used in translations, including technical terms such as those for legal or medical material.O*NET Task ID 9333 | 1.0 |
Adapt translations to students' cognitive and grade levels, collaborating with educational team members as necessary.O*NET Task ID 9334 | 1.0 |
Listen to speakers' statements to determine meanings and to prepare translations, using electronic listening systems as necessary.O*NET Task ID 9335 | 1.0 |
Check original texts or confer with authors to ensure that translations retain the content, meaning, and feeling of the original material.O*NET Task ID 9336 | 1.0 |
Compile information on content and context of information to be translated and on intended audience.O*NET Task ID 9337 | 1.0 |
Discuss translation requirements with clients and determine any fees to be charged for services provided.O*NET Task ID 9338 | 1.0 |
Adapt software and accompanying technical documents to another language and culture.O*NET Task ID 9339 | 1.0 |
Educate students, parents, staff, and teachers about the roles and functions of educational interpreters.O*NET Task ID 9340 | 1.0 |
Train and supervise other translators or interpreters.O*NET Task ID 9341 | 1.0 |
Follow ethical codes that protect the confidentiality of information.O*NET Task ID 9326 | 0.0 |
Travel with or guide tourists who speak another language.O*NET Task ID 9342 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (17)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Follow ethical codes that protect the confidentiality of information. | Core |
| Identify and resolve conflicts related to the meanings of words, concepts, practices, or behaviors. | Core |
| Translate messages simultaneously or consecutively into specified languages, orally or by using hand signs, maintaining message content, context, and style as much as possible. | Core |
| Check translations of technical terms and terminology to ensure that they are accurate and remain consistent throughout translation revisions. | Core |
| Refer to reference materials, such as dictionaries, lexicons, encyclopedias, and computerized terminology banks, as needed to ensure translation accuracy. | Core |
| Compile terminology and information to be used in translations, including technical terms such as those for legal or medical material. | Core |
| Listen to speakers' statements to determine meanings and to prepare translations, using electronic listening systems as necessary. | Core |
| Compile information on content and context of information to be translated and on intended audience. | Core |
| Proofread, edit, and revise translated materials. | Supplemental |
| Read written materials, such as legal documents, scientific works, or news reports, and rewrite material into specified languages. | Supplemental |
| Adapt translations to students' cognitive and grade levels, collaborating with educational team members as necessary. | Supplemental |
| Check original texts or confer with authors to ensure that translations retain the content, meaning, and feeling of the original material. | Supplemental |
| Discuss translation requirements with clients and determine any fees to be charged for services provided. | Supplemental |
| Adapt software and accompanying technical documents to another language and culture. | Supplemental |
| Educate students, parents, staff, and teachers about the roles and functions of educational interpreters. | Supplemental |
| Train and supervise other translators or interpreters. | Supplemental |
| Travel with or guide tourists who speak another language. | Supplemental |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
None of this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks is classified as a physical task.
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 74K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 75K
- Change (2025–35)
- +2%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $60,170
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 29141 | 번역가 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 29142 | 통역가 | This occupation is broader | confirmed |
| 21213 | 언어학 및 문학 연구원 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
| 44213 | 관광 통역 안내사 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2643Translators, Interpreters and Other Linguists
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Translators, interpreters and other linguists translate or interpret from one language into another and study the origin, development and structure of languages.
Tasks
- (a) studying relationships between ancient parent languages and modern language groups, tracing the origin and evolution of words, grammar and language forms, and presenting findings;
- (b) advising on or preparing language classification systems, grammars, dictionaries and similar materials;
- (c) translating from one language into another and ensuring that the correct meaning of the original is retained, that legal, technical or scientific works are correctly rendered, and that the phraseology and terminology of the spirit and style of literary works are conveyed as far as possible;
- (d) developing methods for the use of computers and other instruments to improve productivity and quality of translation;
- (e) interpreting from a spoken or a signed language into another spoken or signed language , in particular at conferences, meetings and similar occasions, and ensuring that the correct meaning and, as far as possible, the spirit of the original are transmitted;
- (f) revising and correcting translated material.
Example occupations
Interpreter · Lexicographer · Philologist · Sign language interpreter · Subtitler · Translator · Translator-reviser
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- interpreterESCO 2643.2This occupation is broader
Interpreters understand and convert spoken communication from one language to another. They retain considerable amounts of information, often with the aid of note-taking, and communicate it immediately after whilst keeping the nuances and stress of the message in the recipient language.
- lawyer linguistESCO 2643.4.1This occupation is broader
Lawyer linguists interpret and translate legal pieces from one language to another. They provide legal analysis to the information before them and help in understanding technicalities of the content expressed in other languages.
- localiserESCO 2643.6.1This occupation is broader
Localisers translate and adapt texts to the language and culture of a specific target audience. They convert standard translation into locally understandable texts with flairs of the culture, sayings, and other nuances that make the translation richer and more meaningful for a cultural target group than it was before.
- sign language interpreterESCO 2643.5This occupation is broader
Sign language interpreters understand and convert sign language into spoken language and vice versa. They maintain the nuances and the stress of the message in the recipient language.
- subtitlerESCO 2643.6.2This occupation is broader
Subtitlers can work intralingually, within the same language, or interlingually, across languages. Intralingual subtitlers create the subtitles for hearing-impaired viewers, whereas interlingual subtitlers create the subtitles for movies or television programmes in a different language to the one heard in the audiovisual production. They both ensure that the captions and subtitles are synchronised with the sound, images and dialogue of the audiovisual work.
- translatorESCO 2643.6This occupation is broader
Translators transcribe written documents from one or more languages to another ensuring that the message and nuances therein remain in the translated material. They translate material backed up by an understanding of it, which can include commercial and industrial documentation, personal documents, journalism, novels, creative writing, and scientific texts delivering the translations in any format.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| E1108 | Traducteur / Traductrice | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| E1123 | Interprète | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| E1120 | Chef / Cheffe de projets traduction | Related, not a match |
| E1122 | Transcripteur adaptateur / Transcriptrice adaptatrice | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| K2416 | Linguiste | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2923 | Filólogos, intérpretes y traductores | Same scopeprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 71424 | Dolmetscher/innen und Übersetzer/innen - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Same scopeprovisional |
| 71423 | Dolmetscher/innen und Übersetzer/innen - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 211 | 著述家 | Overlapping, not the same |
| 249 | 他に分類されない専門的職業従事者 | Related, not a match |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources