Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 29-1022.00
Perform surgery and related procedures on the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial regions to treat diseases, injuries, or defects. May diagnose problems of the oral and maxillofacial regions. May perform surgery to improve function or appearance.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.15
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only14 rated tasks · 1 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (7.1%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Collaborate with other professionals, such as restorative dentists and orthodontists, to plan treatment.29-1022.00 | 0.0015100.0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 13 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | |
Administer general and local anesthetics. | —0 |
Remove impacted, damaged, and non-restorable teeth. | —0 |
Evaluate the position of the wisdom teeth to determine whether problems exist currently or might occur in the future. | —0 |
Perform surgery to prepare the mouth for dental implants, and to aid in the regeneration of deficient bone and gum tissues. | —0 |
Remove tumors and other abnormal growths of the oral and facial regions, using surgical instruments. | —0 |
Treat infections of the oral cavity, salivary glands, jaws, and neck. | —0 |
Treat problems affecting the oral mucosa, such as mouth ulcers and infections. | —0 |
Provide emergency treatment of facial injuries including facial lacerations, intra-oral lacerations, and fractured facial bones. | —0 |
Perform surgery on the mouth and jaws to treat conditions such as cleft lip and palate and jaw growth problems. | —0 |
Restore form and function by moving skin, bone, nerves, and other tissues from other parts of the body to reconstruct the jaws and face. | —0 |
Treat snoring problems, using laser surgery. | —0 |
Perform minor cosmetic procedures, such as chin and cheekbone enhancements. | —0 |
Perform minor facial rejuvenation procedures, including the use of Botox and laser technology. | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Evaluate the position of the wisdom teeth to determine whether problems exist currently or might occur in the future.O*NET Task ID 9372 | 0.5 |
Administer general and local anesthetics.O*NET Task ID 9370 | 0.0 |
Remove impacted, damaged, and non-restorable teeth.O*NET Task ID 9371 | 0.0 |
Collaborate with other professionals, such as restorative dentists and orthodontists, to plan treatment.O*NET Task ID 9373 | 0.0 |
Perform surgery to prepare the mouth for dental implants and to aid in the regeneration of deficient bone and gum tissues.O*NET Task ID 9374 | 0.0 |
Remove tumors and other abnormal growths of the oral and facial regions, using surgical instruments.O*NET Task ID 9375 | 0.0 |
Treat infections of the oral cavity, salivary glands, jaws, and neck.O*NET Task ID 9376 | 0.0 |
Treat problems affecting the oral mucosa, such as mouth ulcers and infections.O*NET Task ID 9377 | 0.0 |
Provide emergency treatment of facial injuries including facial lacerations, intra-oral lacerations, and fractured facial bones.O*NET Task ID 9378 | 0.0 |
Perform surgery on the mouth and jaws to treat conditions such as cleft lip, cleft palate, and jaw growth problems.O*NET Task ID 9379 | 0.0 |
Restore form and function by moving skin, bone, nerves, and other tissues from other parts of the body to reconstruct the jaws and face.O*NET Task ID 9380 | 0.0 |
Treat snoring problems, using laser surgery.O*NET Task ID 9382 | 0.0 |
Perform minor cosmetic procedures, such as chin and cheekbone enhancements.O*NET Task ID 20244 | 0.0 |
Perform minor facial rejuvenation procedures, including the use of Botox and laser technology.O*NET Task ID 20245 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (15)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Administer general and local anesthetics. | Core |
| Remove impacted, damaged, and non-restorable teeth. | Core |
| Evaluate the position of the wisdom teeth to determine whether problems exist currently or might occur in the future. | Core |
| Collaborate with other professionals, such as restorative dentists and orthodontists, to plan treatment. | Core |
| Perform surgery to prepare the mouth for dental implants and to aid in the regeneration of deficient bone and gum tissues. | Core |
| Remove tumors and other abnormal growths of the oral and facial regions, using surgical instruments. | Core |
| Treat infections of the oral cavity, salivary glands, jaws, and neck. | Core |
| Treat problems affecting the oral mucosa, such as mouth ulcers and infections. | Core |
| Provide emergency treatment of facial injuries including facial lacerations, intra-oral lacerations, and fractured facial bones. | Core |
| Perform surgery on the mouth and jaws to treat conditions such as cleft lip, cleft palate, and jaw growth problems. | Core |
| Restore form and function by moving skin, bone, nerves, and other tissues from other parts of the body to reconstruct the jaws and face. | Core |
| Evaluate and treat problems related to the temperomandibular joint (TMJ). | Core |
| Treat snoring problems, using laser surgery. | Supplemental |
| Perform minor cosmetic procedures, such as chin and cheekbone enhancements. | Supplemental |
| Perform minor facial rejuvenation procedures, including the use of Botox and laser technology. | Supplemental |
0.01/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Administer general and local anesthetics. | E0 none |
| Remove impacted, damaged, and non-restorable teeth. | E0 none |
| Perform surgery to prepare the mouth for dental implants and to aid in the regeneration of deficient bone and gum tissues. | E0 none |
| Remove tumors and other abnormal growths of the oral and facial regions, using surgical instruments. | E0 none |
| Treat infections of the oral cavity, salivary glands, jaws, and neck. | E0 none |
| Treat problems affecting the oral mucosa, such as mouth ulcers and infections. | E0 none |
| Provide emergency treatment of facial injuries including facial lacerations, intra-oral lacerations, and fractured facial bones. | E0 none |
| Perform surgery on the mouth and jaws to treat conditions such as cleft lip, cleft palate, and jaw growth problems. | E0 none |
| Restore form and function by moving skin, bone, nerves, and other tissues from other parts of the body to reconstruct the jaws and face. | E0 none |
| Treat snoring problems, using laser surgery. | E0 none |
| Perform minor cosmetic procedures, such as chin and cheekbone enhancements. | E0 none |
| Perform minor facial rejuvenation procedures, including the use of Botox and laser technology. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 6K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 6K
- Change (2025–35)
- +5.6%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $352,220
- Typical education needed for entry
- Doctoral or professional degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24141 | 전문 치과의사 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2261Dentists
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Dentists diagnose, treat and prevent diseases, injuries and abnormalities of the teeth, mouth, jaws and associated tissues by applying the principles and procedures of modern dentistry. They use a broad range of specialized diagnostic, surgical and other techniques to promote and restore oral health.
Tasks
- (a) diagnosing diseases, injuries, irregularities and malformations of teeth and associated structures in the mouth and jaw using a range of methods such as radiographs, salivary tests and medical histories;
- (b) providing preventative oral health care such as periodontal treatments, fluoride applications and oral health promotion;
- (c) administering anaesthetics to limit the amount of pain experienced by patients during procedures;
- (d) prescribing medication for relief of ongoing pain after procedures;
- (e) providing restorative oral care such as implants, complex crown and bridge restorations, and orthodontics, and repairing damaged and decayed teeth;
- (f) providing surgical treatments such as extraction of teeth, biopsy of tissue, and performing orthodontic treatment;
- (g) measuring and taking impressions of patients' jaws and teeth in order to determine the shape and size of dental prostheses;
- (h) designing, making and fitting prosthodontic appliances such as space maintainers, bridges, and dentures, or writing fabrication instructions or prescriptions for dental prosthetic technicians;
- (i) restoring oral function with removable and fixed oral prostheses;
- (j) assisting in diagnosing general diseases having oral manifestations such as diabetes;
- (k) educating patients and families on dental hygiene, nutrition and other measures to take care of oral health;
- (l) supervising dental hygienists, dental assistants and other staff.
Example occupations
Dental Practitioner · Dental surgeon · Dentist · Endodontist · Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon · Oral Pathologist · Orthodontist · Paedodontist · Periodontist · Prosthodontist · Stomatologist
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- specialist dentistESCO 2261.2This occupation is narrower
Specialist dentists prevent, diagnose and treat anomalies and diseases affecting the teeth, mouth, jaws and adjoining tissues specialised in oral surgery or orthodontics.
- dental practitionerESCO 2261.1Overlapping, not the same
Dental practitioners prevent, diagnose and treat anomalies and diseases affecting the teeth, mouth, jaws and adjoining tissues.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| J1133 | Stomatologue | This occupation is narrower |
| J1103 | Dentiste | Related, not a match |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2112 | Otros médicos especialistas | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 2151 | Odontólogos y estomatólogos | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 81474 | Zahnärzte/-ärztinnen und Kieferorthopäden/-orthopädinnen - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 122 | 歯科医師 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 121 | 医師 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources