Clinical Nurse Specialists
Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 29-1141.04
Direct nursing staff in the provision of patient care in a clinical practice setting, such as a hospital, hospice, clinic, or home. Ensure adherence to established clinical policies, protocols, regulations, and standards.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.060
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.25
0.09Range of values carried here0.70Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
Task-level exposure
Show 20 hidden tasks30 rated tasks · 25 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (83.3%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Design patient education programs that include information required to make informed health care and treatment decisions.29-1141.04 | 0.033528.7 |
Present clients with information required to make informed health care and treatment decisions.29-1141.04 | 0.028124.2 |
Make clinical recommendations to physicians, other health care providers, insurance companies, patients, or health care organizations.29-1141.04 | 0.020117.2 |
Develop and maintain departmental policies, procedures, objectives, or patient care standards based on evidence-based practice guidelines or expert opinion.29-1141.04 | 0.013912.0 |
Plan, evaluate, or modify treatment programs based on information gathered by observing and interviewing patients, or by analyzing patient records.29-1141.04 | 0.00534.6 |
Teach patient education programs that include information required to make informed health care and treatment decisions.29-1141.04 | 0.00524.5 |
Evaluate the quality and effectiveness of nursing practice or organizational systems.29-1141.04 | 0.00504.3 |
Design evaluation programs regarding the quality and effectiveness of nursing practice or organizational systems.29-1141.04 | 0.00292.5 |
Identify training needs or conduct training sessions for nursing students or medical staff.29-1141.04 | 0.00252.1 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Prepare reports to document patients' care activities.O*NET Task ID 18020 | 1.0 |
Write nursing orders.O*NET Task ID 18021 | 1.0 |
Observe, interview, and assess patients to identify care needs.O*NET Task ID 18001 | 0.5 |
Evaluate the quality and effectiveness of nursing practice or organizational systems.O*NET Task ID 18002 | 0.5 |
Provide direct care by performing comprehensive health assessments, developing differential diagnoses, conducting specialized tests, or prescribing medications or treatments.O*NET Task ID 18003 | 0.5 |
Maintain departmental policies, procedures, objectives, or infection control standards.O*NET Task ID 18005 | 0.5 |
Develop nursing service philosophies, goals, policies, priorities, or procedures.O*NET Task ID 18007 | 0.5 |
Develop, implement, or evaluate standards of nursing practice in specialty area, such as pediatrics, acute care, and geriatrics.O*NET Task ID 18008 | 0.5 |
Develop or assist others in development of care and treatment plans.O*NET Task ID 18009 | 0.5 |
Make clinical recommendations to physicians, other health care providers, insurance companies, patients, or health care organizations.O*NET Task ID 18010 | 0.5 |
Plan, evaluate, or modify treatment programs, based on information gathered by observing and interviewing patients or by analyzing patient records.O*NET Task ID 18011 | 0.5 |
Present clients with information required to make informed health care and treatment decisions.O*NET Task ID 18012 | 0.5 |
Instruct nursing staff in areas such as the assessment, development, implementation, and evaluation of disability, illness, management, technology, or resources.O*NET Task ID 18013 | 0.5 |
Identify training needs or conduct training sessions for nursing students or medical staff.O*NET Task ID 18015 | 0.5 |
Read current literature, talk with colleagues, or participate in professional organizations or conferences to keep abreast of developments in nursing.O*NET Task ID 18016 | 0.5 |
Monitor or evaluate medical conditions of patients in collaboration with other health care professionals.O*NET Task ID 18017 | 0.5 |
Participate in clinical research projects, such as by reviewing protocols, reviewing patient records, monitoring compliance, and meeting with regulatory authorities.O*NET Task ID 18018 | 0.5 |
Perform discharge planning for patients.O*NET Task ID 18019 | 0.5 |
Provide consultation to other health care providers in areas such as patient discharge, patient care, or clinical procedures.O*NET Task ID 20414 | 0.5 |
Develop and maintain departmental policies, procedures, objectives, or patient care standards, based on evidence-based practice guidelines or expert opinion.O*NET Task ID 20415 | 0.5 |
Design evaluation programs regarding the quality and effectiveness of nursing practice or organizational systems.O*NET Task ID 20416 | 0.5 |
Design patient education programs that include information required to make informed health care and treatment decisions.O*NET Task ID 20417 | 0.5 |
Lead nursing department implementation of, or compliance with, regulatory or accreditation processes.O*NET Task ID 20418 | 0.5 |
Chair nursing departments or committees.O*NET Task ID 20419 | 0.5 |
Teach patient education programs that include information required to make informed health care and treatment decisions.O*NET Task ID 20420 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (30)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Coordinate or conduct educational programs or in-service training sessions on topics such as clinical procedures. | Core |
| Observe, interview, and assess patients to identify care needs. | Core |
| Evaluate the quality and effectiveness of nursing practice or organizational systems. | Core |
| Provide direct care by performing comprehensive health assessments, developing differential diagnoses, conducting specialized tests, or prescribing medications or treatments. | Core |
| Provide specialized direct and indirect care to inpatients and outpatients within a designated specialty, such as obstetrics, neurology, oncology, or neonatal care. | Core |
| Maintain departmental policies, procedures, objectives, or infection control standards. | Core |
| Collaborate with other health care professionals and service providers to ensure optimal patient care. | Core |
| Develop nursing service philosophies, goals, policies, priorities, or procedures. | Core |
| Develop, implement, or evaluate standards of nursing practice in specialty area, such as pediatrics, acute care, and geriatrics. | Core |
| Develop or assist others in development of care and treatment plans. | Core |
| Make clinical recommendations to physicians, other health care providers, insurance companies, patients, or health care organizations. | Core |
| Plan, evaluate, or modify treatment programs, based on information gathered by observing and interviewing patients or by analyzing patient records. | Core |
| Present clients with information required to make informed health care and treatment decisions. | Core |
| Instruct nursing staff in areas such as the assessment, development, implementation, and evaluation of disability, illness, management, technology, or resources. | Core |
| Direct or supervise nursing care staff in the provision of patient therapy. | Core |
| Identify training needs or conduct training sessions for nursing students or medical staff. | Core |
| Read current literature, talk with colleagues, or participate in professional organizations or conferences to keep abreast of developments in nursing. | Core |
| Monitor or evaluate medical conditions of patients in collaboration with other health care professionals. | Core |
| Participate in clinical research projects, such as by reviewing protocols, reviewing patient records, monitoring compliance, and meeting with regulatory authorities. | Core |
| Perform discharge planning for patients. | Core |
| Prepare reports to document patients' care activities. | Core |
| Write nursing orders. | Core |
| Provide consultation to other health care providers in areas such as patient discharge, patient care, or clinical procedures. | Core |
| Develop and maintain departmental policies, procedures, objectives, or patient care standards, based on evidence-based practice guidelines or expert opinion. | Core |
| Design evaluation programs regarding the quality and effectiveness of nursing practice or organizational systems. | Core |
| Design patient education programs that include information required to make informed health care and treatment decisions. | Core |
| Lead nursing department implementation of, or compliance with, regulatory or accreditation processes. | Core |
| Chair nursing departments or committees. | Core |
| Teach patient education programs that include information required to make informed health care and treatment decisions. | Core |
| Provide coaching and mentoring to other caregivers to help facilitate their professional growth and development. | Core |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Observe, interview, and assess patients to identify care needs. | E0 none |
| Provide direct care by performing comprehensive health assessments, developing differential diagnoses, conducting specialized tests, or prescribing medications or treatments. | E0 none |
| Provide specialized direct and indirect care to inpatients and outpatients within a designated specialty, such as obstetrics, neurology, oncology, or neonatal care. | E0 none |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 29-1141 group (Registered nurses), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 3.5M
- Projected employment, 2035
- 3.7M
- Change (2025–35)
- +5.6%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $97,550
- Typical education needed for entry
- Bachelor's degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24401 | 전문 간호사 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2221Nursing Professionals
The definition, tasks and examples below are the ILO's description of that unit group, not of this occupation.
Nursing professionals provide treatment, support and care services for people who are in need of nursing care due to the effects of ageing, injury, illness or other physical or mental impairment, or potential risks to health. They assume responsibility for the planning and management of the care of patients, including the supervision of other health care workers, working autonomously or in teams with medical doctors and others in the practical application of preventive and curative measures.
Tasks
- (a) planning, providing and evaluating nursing care for patients according to the practice and standards of modern nursing;
- (b) coordinating the care of patients in consultation with other health professionals and members of health teams;
- (c) developing and implementing care plans for the biological, social and psychological treatment of patients in collaboration with other health professionals;
- (d) planning and providing personal care, treatments and therapies including administering medications, and monitoring responses to treatment or care plan;
- (e) cleaning wounds and applying surgical dressings and bandages
- (f) monitoring pain and discomfort experienced by patients and alleviating pain using a variety of therapies, including the use of painkilling drugs;
- (g) planning and participating in health education programmes, health promotion and nurse education activities in clinical and community settings;
- (h) answering questions from patients and families and providing information about prevention of ill-health, treatment and care;
- (i) supervising and coordinating the work of other nursing, health and personal care workers;
- (j) conducting research on nursing practices and procedures and disseminating findings such as through scientific papers and reports.
Example occupations
Clinical nurse consultant · District nurse · Nurse anaesthetist · Nurse educator · Nurse practitioner · Operating theatre nurse · Professional nurse · Public health nurse · Specialist nurse
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- advanced nurse practitionerESCO 2221.1This occupation is broader
Advanced nurse practitioners are in charge of promoting and restoring patients` health, provide diagnosis and care in advanced settings, coordinating care within areas of chronic disease management, providing integrated care, and supervising assigned team members. Advanced nurse practitioners are general care nurses who have acquired an expert knowledge base, complex decision making skills and clinical competencies for expanded clinical practice on advanced level.
- midwifeESCO 2222.1This occupation is broader
Midwives assist women in childbirth by providing the necessary support, care and advice during pregnancy, labour and the postpartum period, conduct births and provide care for the new-born. They advise on health, preventive measures, preparation for parenthood, detection of complications in mother and child, accessing of medical care, promoting normal birth and carrying out emergency measures.
- nurse responsible for general careESCO 2221.2This occupation is broader
Nurses responsible for general care are in charge of promoting and restoring patients` health by providing physical and psychological support to patients, friends, and families. They also supervise assigned team members.
- specialist nurseESCO 2221.3This occupation is broader
Specialist nurses promote and restore people's health, and diagnose and care within a specific branch of the nursing field. Examples of such specialist nursing jobs include but are not restricted to; ambulatory care nurse, advanced practice nurse, cardiac nurse, dental nurse, community health nurse, forensic nurse, gastroenterology nurse, hospice and palliative care nurse, paediatric nurse, public health nurse, rehabilitation nurse, renal nurse and school nurse. Specialist nurses are general care nurses prepared beyond the level of a nurse generalist and authorised to practice as specialists with specific expertise in a branch of the nursing field.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| J1502 | Cadre de santé d'unité de soins ou de service paramédical | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| J1508 | Infirmier / Infirmière en Pratique Avancée (IPA) | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| J1510 | Infirmier coordonnateur / Infirmière coordonnatrice (IDEC) | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2122 | Enfermeros especializados (excepto matronos) | This occupation is narrower |
| 2121 | Enfermeros no especializados | Related, not a match |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 81313 | Berufe in der Fachkrankenpflege - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 81394 | Führungskräfte - Gesundheits- und Krankenpflege, Rettungsdienst und Geburtshilfe | Related, not a match |
| 81383 | Berufe in der Gesundheits- und Krankenpflege (sonstige spezifische Tätigkeitsangabe) - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a matchprovisional |
| 81393 | Aufsichtskräfte - Gesundheits- und Krankenpflege, Rettungsdienst und Geburtshilfe | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 133 | 看護師（准看護師を含む） | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources