- O*NET-SOC code
- 29-1224.00
Diagnose and treat diseases and injuries using medical imaging techniques, such as x rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine, and ultrasounds. May perform minimally invasive medical procedures and tests.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.199
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.27–0.29· 2 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 2211Generalist Medical Practitioners0.29
- ISCO-08 2212Specialist Medical Practitioners0.27
Task-level exposure
Show 43 hidden tasks30 rated tasks · 29 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (96.7%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
Tasks of O*NET-SOC 2010 occupations 29-1069.05 Nuclear Medicine Physicians; 29-1069.10 Radiologists, linked to this occupation by the O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019 crosswalk
| Task (O*NET 20.1) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Prepare comprehensive interpretive reports of findings.29-1069.05 | 0.012826.9 | 0.011227.0 |
Interpret imaging data and confer with other medical specialists to formulate diagnoses.29-1069.05 | 0.007716.2 | 0.00399.4 |
Communicate examination results or diagnostic information to referring physicians, patients, or families.29-1069.10 | 0.007415.6 | —0 |
Perform or interpret the outcomes of diagnostic imaging procedures including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computer tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), nuclear cardiology treadmill studies, mammography, or ultrasound.29-1069.10 | 0.005912.4 | 0.00184.3 |
Consult with patients following radiation treatments to provide information and assess outcomes or to recommend further consultation or treatments as appropriate.29-1069.05 | 0.005110.7 | —0 |
Serve as an offsite teleradiologist for facilities that do not have on-site radiologists.29-1069.10 | 0.00194.0 | —0 |
Provide counseling to radiologic patients to explain the processes, risks, benefits, or alternative treatments.29-1069.10 | 0.00194.0 | —0 |
Review or transmit images and information using picture archiving or communications systems.29-1069.10 | 0.00163.4 | 0.00266.3 |
Develop or monitor procedures to ensure adequate quality control of images.29-1069.10 | 0.00163.4 | 0.00204.8 |
Instruct radiologic staff in desired techniques, positions, or projections.29-1069.10 | 0.00163.4 | —0 |
Document the performance, interpretation, or outcomes of all procedures performed. | —0 | 0.020048.2 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Participate in quality improvement activities including discussions of areas where risk of error is high.O*NET Task ID 17231 | 0.5 |
Participate in continuing education activities to maintain and develop expertise.O*NET Task ID 17234 | 0.5 |
Develop treatment plans for radiology patients.O*NET Task ID 17235 | 0.5 |
Establish or enforce standards for protection of patients or personnel.O*NET Task ID 17236 | 0.5 |
Review or transmit images and information using picture archiving or communications systems.O*NET Task ID 17239 | 0.5 |
Recognize or treat complications during and after procedures, including blood pressure problems, pain, oversedation, or bleeding.O*NET Task ID 17241 | 0.5 |
Prepare comprehensive interpretive reports of findings.O*NET Task ID 17242 | 0.5 |
Obtain patients' histories from electronic records, patient interviews, dictated reports, or by communicating with referring clinicians.O*NET Task ID 17243 | 0.5 |
Confer with medical professionals regarding image-based diagnoses.O*NET Task ID 17245 | 0.5 |
Instruct radiologic staff in desired techniques, positions, or projections.O*NET Task ID 17246 | 0.5 |
Document the performance, interpretation, or outcomes of all procedures performed.O*NET Task ID 17248 | 0.5 |
Develop or monitor procedures to ensure adequate quality control of images.O*NET Task ID 17249 | 0.5 |
Coordinate radiological services with other medical activities.O*NET Task ID 17250 | 0.5 |
Provide counseling to radiologic patients to explain the processes, risks, benefits, or alternative treatments.O*NET Task ID 17251 | 0.5 |
Communicate examination results or diagnostic information to referring physicians, patients, or families.O*NET Task ID 17252 | 0.5 |
Perform interventional procedures such as image-guided biopsy, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, transhepatic biliary drainage, or nephrostomy catheter placement.O*NET Task ID 17253 | 0.5 |
Perform or interpret the outcomes of diagnostic imaging procedures including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computer tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), nuclear cardiology treadmill studies, mammography, or ultrasound.O*NET Task ID 17254 | 0.5 |
Advise other physicians of the clinical indications, limitations, assessments, or risks of diagnostic and therapeutic applications of radioactive materials.O*NET Task ID 22733 | 0.5 |
Calculate, measure, or prepare radioisotope dosages.O*NET Task ID 22734 | 0.5 |
Check and approve the quality of diagnostic images before patients are discharged.O*NET Task ID 22735 | 0.5 |
Compare nuclear medicine procedures with other types of procedures, such as computed tomography, ultrasonography, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography.O*NET Task ID 22736 | 0.5 |
Direct nuclear medicine technologists or technicians regarding desired dosages, techniques, positions, and projections.O*NET Task ID 22737 | 0.5 |
Establish and enforce radiation protection standards for patients and staff.O*NET Task ID 22738 | 0.5 |
Formulate plans and procedures for nuclear medicine departments.O*NET Task ID 22739 | 0.5 |
Monitor handling of radioactive materials to ensure that established procedures are followed.O*NET Task ID 22740 | 0.5 |
Prescribe radionuclides and dosages to be administered to individual patients.O*NET Task ID 22741 | 0.5 |
Review procedure requests and patients' medical histories to determine applicability of procedures and radioisotopes to be used.O*NET Task ID 22742 | 0.5 |
Teach nuclear medicine, diagnostic radiology, or other specialties at graduate educational level.O*NET Task ID 22743 | 0.5 |
Test dosage evaluation instruments and survey meters to ensure they are operating properly.O*NET Task ID 22744 | 0.5 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (30)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Participate in quality improvement activities including discussions of areas where risk of error is high. | Core |
| Participate in continuing education activities to maintain and develop expertise. | Core |
| Establish or enforce standards for protection of patients or personnel. | Core |
| Review or transmit images and information using picture archiving or communications systems. | Core |
| Recognize or treat complications during and after procedures, including blood pressure problems, pain, oversedation, or bleeding. | Core |
| Prepare comprehensive interpretive reports of findings. | Core |
| Obtain patients' histories from electronic records, patient interviews, dictated reports, or by communicating with referring clinicians. | Core |
| Confer with medical professionals regarding image-based diagnoses. | Core |
| Instruct radiologic staff in desired techniques, positions, or projections. | Core |
| Document the performance, interpretation, or outcomes of all procedures performed. | Core |
| Develop or monitor procedures to ensure adequate quality control of images. | Core |
| Coordinate radiological services with other medical activities. | Core |
| Provide counseling to radiologic patients to explain the processes, risks, benefits, or alternative treatments. | Core |
| Communicate examination results or diagnostic information to referring physicians, patients, or families. | Core |
| Perform or interpret the outcomes of diagnostic imaging procedures including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computer tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), nuclear cardiology treadmill studies, mammography, or ultrasound. | Core |
| Develop treatment plans for radiology patients. | Supplemental |
| Perform interventional procedures such as image-guided biopsy, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, transhepatic biliary drainage, or nephrostomy catheter placement. | Supplemental |
| Administer radioisotopes to clinical patients or research subjects. | — |
| Advise other physicians of the clinical indications, limitations, assessments, or risks of diagnostic and therapeutic applications of radioactive materials. | — |
| Calculate, measure, or prepare radioisotope dosages. | — |
| Check and approve the quality of diagnostic images before patients are discharged. | — |
| Compare nuclear medicine procedures with other types of procedures, such as computed tomography, ultrasonography, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography. | — |
| Direct nuclear medicine technologists or technicians regarding desired dosages, techniques, positions, and projections. | — |
| Establish and enforce radiation protection standards for patients and staff. | — |
| Formulate plans and procedures for nuclear medicine departments. | — |
| Monitor handling of radioactive materials to ensure that established procedures are followed. | — |
| Prescribe radionuclides and dosages to be administered to individual patients. | — |
| Review procedure requests and patients' medical histories to determine applicability of procedures and radioisotopes to be used. | — |
| Teach nuclear medicine, diagnostic radiology, or other specialties at graduate educational level. | — |
| Test dosage evaluation instruments and survey meters to ensure they are operating properly. | — |
0.00/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Recognize or treat complications during and after procedures, including blood pressure problems, pain, oversedation, or bleeding. | E0 none |
| Perform or interpret the outcomes of diagnostic imaging procedures including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computer tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), nuclear cardiology treadmill studies, mammography, or ultrasound. | E0 none |
| Perform interventional procedures such as image-guided biopsy, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, transhepatic biliary drainage, or nephrostomy catheter placement. | E0 none |
| Administer radioisotopes to clinical patients or research subjects. | E2 structured facilities |
| Test dosage evaluation instruments and survey meters to ensure they are operating properly. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 29K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 30K
- Change (2025–35)
- +3.4%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $420,860
- Typical education needed for entry
- Doctoral or professional degree
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 24118 | 영상의학과 및 병리과 전문 의사 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 2211Generalist Medical Practitioners
- ISCO-08 2212Specialist Medical Practitioners
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- radiographerESCO 2269.8Same scope
Radiographers use a range of technologies to examine, treat and care for patients. They work in the fields of Medical Imaging, Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine and apply ionising radiation, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and radioactive sources.
- specialised doctorESCO 2212.1This occupation is narrower
Specialised doctors prevent, diagnose and treat diseases depending on their medical or surgical specialty.
- diagnostic radiographerESCO 2269.8.1This occupation is broader
Diagnostic radiographers plan, prepare and perform diagnostic imaging examinations and post processing, with a wide range of equipment and techniques using X-rays, strong magnetic fields or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and high frequency sound (Ultrasound).
- nuclear medicine radiographerESCO 2269.8.2This occupation is broader
Nuclear Medicine Radiographers plan, prepare and perform nuclear medicine examinations, post-processing and treatment with a wide range of equipment and techniques using X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging and radiopharmaceuticals.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| J1118 | Radiologue | Same scopeprovisional |
| J1306 | Manipulateur / Manipulatrice d'électroradiologie médicale | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 2112 | Otros médicos especialistas | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 81234 | Medizinisch-technische Berufe in der Radiologie - hoch komplexe Tätigkeiten | Same scope |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 121 | 医師 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Recent Changes Related to This Occupation
Summaries and relation labels are AI Changing Work's own; check any figures against the linked source.
Directly related Brookings (Oct 2025) cites radiology as a field that seems tailor-made for AI: AI can already outperform doctors, yet radiologists today are busier and better paid than ever. Highly regulated sectors such as medicine are more constrained in their AI use.
[Source: Brookings Institution]
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources