Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers
Protective Service Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 33-3051.00
Maintain order and protect life and property by enforcing local, tribal, state, or federal laws and ordinances. Perform a combination of the following duties: patrol a specific area; direct traffic; issue traffic summonses; investigate accidents; apprehend and arrest suspects, or serve legal processes of courts. Includes police officers working at educational institutions.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
High· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.123
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Group-level value
Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.14–0.32· 2 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 3351Customs and Border Inspectors0.32
- ISCO-08 5412Police Officers0.14
Task-level exposure
Exposed tasks only30 rated tasks · 13 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (43.3%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 30.2) | Claude.aiRaw / share % | APIRaw / share % |
|---|---|---|
Inform citizens of community services and recommend options to facilitate longer-term problem resolution.33-3051.00 | 0.0100100.0 | 0.00000.0 |
Evaluate complaint and emergency-request information to determine response requirements.33-3051.00 | 0.00000.0 | 0.210091.3 |
Investigate illegal or suspicious activities.33-3051.00 | 0.00000.0 | 0.02008.7 |
Record facts to prepare reports that document incidents and activities.33-3051.00 | 0.00000.0 | —0 |
Monitor, note, report, and investigate suspicious persons and situations, safety hazards, and unusual or illegal activity in patrol area. | —0 | 0.00000.0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 25 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | ||
Identify, pursue, and arrest suspects and perpetrators of criminal acts. | —0 | —0 |
Provide for public safety by maintaining order, responding to emergencies, protecting people and property, enforcing motor vehicle and criminal laws, and promoting good community relations. | —0 | —0 |
Render aid to accident survivors and other persons requiring first aid for physical injuries. | —0 | —0 |
Review facts of incidents to determine if criminal act or statute violations were involved. | —0 | —0 |
Testify in court to present evidence or act as witness in traffic and criminal cases. | —0 | —0 |
Drive vehicles or patrol specific areas to detect law violators, issue citations, and make arrests. | —0 | —0 |
Monitor traffic to ensure motorists observe traffic regulations and exhibit safe driving procedures. | —0 | —0 |
Relay complaint and emergency-request information to appropriate agency dispatchers. | —0 | —0 |
Verify that the proper legal charges have been made against law offenders. | —0 | —0 |
Photograph or draw diagrams of crime or accident scenes and interview principals and eyewitnesses. | —0 | —0 |
Execute arrest warrants, locating and taking persons into custody. | —0 | —0 |
Patrol specific area on foot, horseback, or motorized conveyance, responding promptly to calls for assistance. | —0 | —0 |
Investigate traffic accidents and other accidents to determine causes and to determine if a crime has been committed. | —0 | —0 |
Direct traffic flow and reroute traffic in case of emergencies. | —0 | —0 |
Notify patrol units to take violators into custody or to provide needed assistance or medical aid. | —0 | —0 |
Serve statements of claims, subpoenas, summonses, jury summonses, orders to pay alimony, and other court orders. | —0 | —0 |
Question individuals entering secured areas to determine their business, directing and rerouting individuals as necessary. | —0 | —0 |
Patrol and guard courthouses, grand jury rooms, or assigned areas to provide security, enforce laws, maintain order, and arrest violators. | —0 | —0 |
Transport or escort prisoners and defendants en route to courtrooms, prisons or jails, attorneys' offices, or medical facilities. | —0 | —0 |
Locate and confiscate real or personal property, as directed by court order. | —0 | —0 |
Provide road information to assist motorists. | —0 | —0 |
Place people in protective custody. | —0 | —0 |
Conduct community programs for all ages concerning topics such as drugs and violence. | —0 | —0 |
Process prisoners, and prepare and maintain records of prisoner bookings and prisoner status during booking and pre-trial process. | —0 | —0 |
Supervise law enforcement staff, such as jail staff, officers, and deputy sheriffs. | —0 | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Record facts to prepare reports that document incidents and activities.O*NET Task ID 23053 | 1.0 |
Relay complaint and emergency-request information to appropriate agency dispatchers.O*NET Task ID 23061 | 1.0 |
Investigate illegal or suspicious activities.O*NET Task ID 23055 | 0.5 |
Review facts of incidents to determine if criminal act or statute violations were involved.O*NET Task ID 23056 | 0.5 |
Monitor, note, report, and investigate suspicious persons and situations, safety hazards, and unusual or illegal activity in patrol area.O*NET Task ID 23057 | 0.5 |
Verify that the proper legal charges have been made against law offenders.O*NET Task ID 23062 | 0.5 |
Photograph or draw diagrams of crime or accident scenes and interview principals and eyewitnesses.O*NET Task ID 23063 | 0.5 |
Evaluate complaint and emergency-request information to determine response requirements.O*NET Task ID 23064 | 0.5 |
Investigate traffic accidents and other accidents to determine causes and to determine if a crime has been committed.O*NET Task ID 23067 | 0.5 |
Notify patrol units to take violators into custody or to provide needed assistance or medical aid.O*NET Task ID 23069 | 0.5 |
Inform citizens of community services and recommend options to facilitate longer-term problem resolution.O*NET Task ID 23074 | 0.5 |
Provide road information to assist motorists.O*NET Task ID 23076 | 0.5 |
Process prisoners, and prepare and maintain records of prisoner bookings and prisoner status during booking and pre-trial process.O*NET Task ID 23077 | 0.5 |
Identify, pursue, and arrest suspects and perpetrators of criminal acts.O*NET Task ID 23051 | 0.0 |
Provide for public safety by maintaining order, responding to emergencies, protecting people and property, enforcing motor vehicle and criminal laws, and promoting good community relations.O*NET Task ID 23052 | 0.0 |
Render aid to accident victims and other persons requiring first aid for physical injuries.O*NET Task ID 23054 | 0.0 |
Testify in court to present evidence or act as witness in traffic and criminal cases.O*NET Task ID 23058 | 0.0 |
Drive vehicles or patrol specific areas to detect law violators, issue citations, and make arrests.O*NET Task ID 23059 | 0.0 |
Monitor traffic to ensure motorists observe traffic regulations and exhibit safe driving procedures.O*NET Task ID 23060 | 0.0 |
Execute arrest warrants, locating and taking persons into custody.O*NET Task ID 23065 | 0.0 |
Patrol specific area on foot, horseback, or motorized conveyance, responding promptly to calls for assistance.O*NET Task ID 23066 | 0.0 |
Direct traffic flow and reroute traffic in case of emergencies.O*NET Task ID 23068 | 0.0 |
Serve statements of claims, subpoenas, summonses, jury summonses, orders to pay alimony, and other court orders.O*NET Task ID 23070 | 0.0 |
Question individuals entering secured areas to determine their business, directing and rerouting individuals as necessary.O*NET Task ID 23071 | 0.0 |
Patrol and guard courthouses, grand jury rooms, or assigned areas to provide security, enforce laws, maintain order, and arrest violators.O*NET Task ID 23072 | 0.0 |
Transport or escort prisoners and defendants en route to courtrooms, prisons or jails, attorneys' offices, or medical facilities.O*NET Task ID 23073 | 0.0 |
Locate and confiscate real or personal property, as directed by court order.O*NET Task ID 23075 | 0.0 |
Supervise law enforcement staff, such as jail staff, officers, and deputy sheriffs.O*NET Task ID 23078 | 0.0 |
Place people in protective custody.O*NET Task ID 23079 | 0.0 |
Conduct community programs for all ages concerning topics such as drugs and violence.O*NET Task ID 23080 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (30)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Identify, pursue, and arrest suspects and perpetrators of criminal acts. | Core |
| Provide for public safety by maintaining order, responding to emergencies, protecting people and property, enforcing motor vehicle and criminal laws, and promoting good community relations. | Core |
| Record facts to prepare reports that document incidents and activities. | Core |
| Render aid to accident survivors and other persons requiring first aid for physical injuries. | Core |
| Investigate illegal or suspicious activities. | Core |
| Review facts of incidents to determine if criminal act or statute violations were involved. | Core |
| Monitor, note, report, and investigate suspicious persons and situations, safety hazards, and unusual or illegal activity in patrol area. | Core |
| Testify in court to present evidence or act as witness in traffic and criminal cases. | Core |
| Drive vehicles or patrol specific areas to detect law violators, issue citations, and make arrests. | Core |
| Monitor traffic to ensure motorists observe traffic regulations and exhibit safe driving procedures. | Core |
| Relay complaint and emergency-request information to appropriate agency dispatchers. | Core |
| Verify that the proper legal charges have been made against law offenders. | Core |
| Photograph or draw diagrams of crime or accident scenes and interview principals and eyewitnesses. | Core |
| Evaluate complaint and emergency-request information to determine response requirements. | Core |
| Execute arrest warrants, locating and taking persons into custody. | Core |
| Patrol specific area on foot, horseback, or motorized conveyance, responding promptly to calls for assistance. | Core |
| Investigate traffic accidents and other accidents to determine causes and to determine if a crime has been committed. | Core |
| Direct traffic flow and reroute traffic in case of emergencies. | Core |
| Notify patrol units to take violators into custody or to provide needed assistance or medical aid. | Core |
| Question individuals entering secured areas to determine their business, directing and rerouting individuals as necessary. | Core |
| Patrol and guard courthouses, grand jury rooms, or assigned areas to provide security, enforce laws, maintain order, and arrest violators. | Core |
| Transport or escort prisoners and defendants en route to courtrooms, prisons or jails, attorneys' offices, or medical facilities. | Core |
| Inform citizens of community services and recommend options to facilitate longer-term problem resolution. | Core |
| Provide road information to assist motorists. | Core |
| Place people in protective custody. | Core |
| Serve statements of claims, subpoenas, summonses, jury summonses, orders to pay alimony, and other court orders. | Supplemental |
| Locate and confiscate real or personal property, as directed by court order. | Supplemental |
| Process prisoners, and prepare and maintain records of prisoner bookings and prisoner status during booking and pre-trial process. | Supplemental |
| Supervise law enforcement staff, such as jail staff, officers, and deputy sheriffs. | Supplemental |
| Conduct community programs for all ages concerning topics such as drugs and violence. | Supplemental |
0.13/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Identify, pursue, and arrest suspects and perpetrators of criminal acts. | E0 none |
| Provide for public safety by maintaining order, responding to emergencies, protecting people and property, enforcing motor vehicle and criminal laws, and promoting good community relations. | E0 none |
| Render aid to accident survivors and other persons requiring first aid for physical injuries. | E0 none |
| Investigate illegal or suspicious activities. | E0 none |
| Monitor, note, report, and investigate suspicious persons and situations, safety hazards, and unusual or illegal activity in patrol area. | E2 structured facilities |
| Drive vehicles or patrol specific areas to detect law violators, issue citations, and make arrests. | E0 none |
| Monitor traffic to ensure motorists observe traffic regulations and exhibit safe driving procedures. | E0 none |
| Photograph or draw diagrams of crime or accident scenes and interview principals and eyewitnesses. | E0 none |
| Execute arrest warrants, locating and taking persons into custody. | E0 none |
| Patrol specific area on foot, horseback, or motorized conveyance, responding promptly to calls for assistance. | E0 none |
| Investigate traffic accidents and other accidents to determine causes and to determine if a crime has been committed. | E0 none |
| Direct traffic flow and reroute traffic in case of emergencies. | E0 none |
| Serve statements of claims, subpoenas, summonses, jury summonses, orders to pay alimony, and other court orders. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Patrol and guard courthouses, grand jury rooms, or assigned areas to provide security, enforce laws, maintain order, and arrest violators. | E0 none |
| Transport or escort prisoners and defendants en route to courtrooms, prisons or jails, attorneys' offices, or medical facilities. | E0 none |
| Locate and confiscate real or personal property, as directed by court order. | E0 none |
| Place people in protective custody. | E0 none |
| Process prisoners, and prepare and maintain records of prisoner bookings and prisoner status during booking and pre-trial process. | E0 none |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
Values for the whole SOC 33-3051 group (Police and sheriff's patrol officers), not for this O*NET occupation alone.
- Employment, 2025
- 693K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 717K
- Change (2025–35)
- +3.5%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $76,210
- Typical education needed for entry
- High school diploma or equivalent
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41112 | 일반 경찰관 및 수사관 | This occupation is narrower | confirmed |
| 41111 | 해양 경찰관 및 수사관 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
| 27132 | 집행관 | Related, not a match | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 3351Customs and Border Inspectors
- ISCO-08 5412Police Officers
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- civil enforcement officerESCO 5419.2This occupation is broader
Civil enforcement officers patrol the streets to enforce parking restrictions, ensure a free flow of traffic is maintained, ensure the safety of pedestrians, and ensure traffic and parking laws are complied with. They aid with the combating of crime and crime reduction by providing assistance during incidents and providing patrol services.
- court bailiffESCO 3411.4This occupation is broader
Court bailiffs maintain order and security in courtrooms. They transport offenders to and from the courtroom, ensure necessary supplies are present in the courtroom, and investigate the premises and examine individuals to ensure there are no threats. They also open and close court, and call witnesses.
- criminal investigatorESCO 3355.1This occupation is broader
Criminal investigators examine and process the scenes of crimes and the evidence found in them. They handle and protect the evidence compliant with rules and regulations, and isolate the scene from outside influence. They photograph the scene, ensure the maintenance of the evidence, and write reports.
- police detectiveESCO 3355.2This occupation is broader
Police detectives gather and compile evidence which assists them in the solution of crimes. They use investigative techniques to gather evidence, and interview all parties connected to their line of enquiry, and cooperate with other police department divisions to gather the evidence.
- police inspectorESCO 3355.3This occupation is broader
Police inspectors coordinate and supervise a division in a police department. They ensure the division's compliance with rules and regulations, and monitor the performance of personnel as well as assigning tasks to them. They perform administrative duties to ensure the maintenance of records and reports, and may also develop regulatory guidelines.
- police officerESCO 5412.1This occupation is broader
Police officers use investigation methods to prevent crime, to pursue and apprehend criminals, and protect the public from violent and criminal activities. They perform surveillance and patrol activities to prevent crimes and apprehend offenders. They provide support to victimised parties and the public at large, and fulfil administrative duties.
- street wardenESCO 5419.7This occupation is broader
Street wardens patrol designated areas to ensure a sense of security with the public, and provide general support. They monitor suspicious behaviour and cooperate with the police and other local institutions to maintain the community's safety and well-being, and enforce law and issue penalties when necessary.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| K1748 | Garde républicain / Garde républicaine | This occupation is broader |
| K1706 | Gendarme | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| K1707 | Policier municipal / Policière municipale | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| K1708 | Gardien / Gardienne de la paix | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| K1720 | Gardien de compagnie républicaine de sécurité (CRS) / Gardienne de compagnie républicaine de sécurité (CRS) | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 5910 | Guardias civiles | This occupation is broader |
| 5921 | Policías nacionales | This occupation is broader |
| 5922 | Policías autonómicos | This occupation is broader |
| 5923 | Policías locales | This occupation is broader |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 53212 | Berufe im Polizeivollzugsdienst - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | This occupation is broader |
| 53213 | Berufe im Polizeivollzugsdienst - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the same |
| 53233 | Berufe im Gerichtsvollzug - komplexe Spezialistentätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 441 | 警察官 | Same scopeprovisional |
| 442 | 海上保安官 | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources