Cooks, Short Order
Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations- O*NET-SOC code
- 35-2015.00
Prepare and cook to order a variety of foods that require only a short preparation time. May take orders from customers and serve patrons at counters or tables.
- Data source: BLSPublished: 2026-08
Low· relative
LowFour relative bandsVery highGroup-level value
Scale, basis and source
Four relative bands (Low / Moderate / High / Very high)
831 detailed occupations in the BLS Employment Projections table. Assigned per National Employment Matrix (NEM) code, so occupations sharing a NEM code carry the same band
- Data source: AnthropicPublished: 2026-03
0.000
0.000Range of values carried here0.745Scale, basis and source
Observed exposure index, 0–1 as published
Mapped onto O*NET tasks
Published per SOC 2018 occupation; every O*NET occupation with the same SOC 2018 code carries this value
- Data source: ILOPublished: 2025
0.18· 2 ISCO-08 groups
Scale, basis and source
Generative AI exposure index, 0–1 as published
Published per ISCO-08 unit group. Linked to this occupation, wholly or in part, by applying U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (ISCO-08 to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC) as published
What kind of figure this source publishes
The BLS category is a relative rank, not an absolute level, and it is not a first-hand measurement: it groups an occupation's percentile ranks across several published studies into four bands. It is not an employment or wage forecast, not a probability of adoption, and it does not separate automation from augmentation.
ILO value for each linked ISCO-08 group
- ISCO-08 5120Cooks0.18
- ISCO-08 9411Fast Food Preparers0.18
Task-level exposure
11 rated tasks · 0 tasks with β ≥ 0.5 (0.0%)
β = direct exposure (E1) + 0.5 × exposure when tools are available (E2), per the source repository's definition.
- Source unit: O*NET 27.2 tasks → O*NET 31.0 occupation code
- All rated tasks are in the O*NET 31.0 task list.
- Source
- OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" exposure rubric
- Release
- gh-main-0471612
- License
- MIT License, Copyright (c) 2024 OpenAI
| Task (O*NET 30.2) | Claude.aiRaw / share % |
|---|---|
Grill, cook, and fry foods such as french fries, eggs, and pancakes.35-2015.00 | 0.00000.0 |
| Not observed on any surface — 10 task(s) — These tasks have no row in the source for this release. The 0 in the share row is a display-stage composition ratio; absence is what the — in the raw row states. | |
Clean food preparation equipment, work areas, and counters or tables. | —0 |
Plan work on orders so that items served together are finished at the same time. | —0 |
Take orders from customers and cook foods requiring short preparation times, according to customer requirements. | —0 |
Complete orders from steam tables, placing food on plates and serving customers at tables or counters. | —0 |
Restock kitchen supplies, rotate food, and stamp the time and date on food in coolers. | —0 |
Perform food preparation tasks, such as making sandwiches, carving meats, making soups or salads, baking breads or desserts, and brewing coffee or tea. | —0 |
Perform general cleaning activities in kitchen and dining areas. | —0 |
Grill and garnish hamburgers or other meats, such as steaks and chops. | —0 |
Order supplies and stock them on shelves. | —0 |
Accept payments, and make change or write charge slips as necessary. | —0 |
Values in this tab are predicted labels, not observations. Eloundou et al. (2023) published two rating regimes — human raters and GPT-4 — and the β shown here is derived from the GPT-4 rater basis alone; the same task can take a different value under the other regime. The unit and the meaning differ from the observed shares (%) in the other tabs, so do not place them on the same axis.
| Task (O*NET 27.2) | βE1 + 0.5 × E2 |
|---|---|
Clean food preparation equipment, work areas, and counters or tables.O*NET Task ID 2187 | 0.0 |
Plan work on orders so that items served together are finished at the same time.O*NET Task ID 2188 | 0.0 |
Grill, cook, and fry foods such as french fries, eggs, and pancakes.O*NET Task ID 2189 | 0.0 |
Take orders from customers and cook foods requiring short preparation times, according to customer requirements.O*NET Task ID 2190 | 0.0 |
Grill and garnish hamburgers or other meats, such as steaks and chops.O*NET Task ID 2191 | 0.0 |
Complete orders from steam tables, placing food on plates and serving customers at tables or counters.O*NET Task ID 2192 | 0.0 |
Order supplies and stock them on shelves.O*NET Task ID 2194 | 0.0 |
Accept payments, and make change or write charge slips as necessary.O*NET Task ID 2195 | 0.0 |
Restock kitchen supplies, rotate food, and stamp the time and date on food in coolers.O*NET Task ID 18725 | 0.0 |
Perform food preparation tasks, such as making sandwiches, carving meats, making soups or salads, baking breads or desserts, and brewing coffee or tea.O*NET Task ID 18726 | 0.0 |
Perform general cleaning activities in kitchen and dining areas.O*NET Task ID 18727 | 0.0 |
β = E1 + 0.5 × E2 · E1 = tasks where direct LLM access alone cuts time by at least 50%, E2 = tasks where software built on top of an LLM cuts time by at least 50%. Values take only 0 / 0.5 / 1.0.
Data sources & licenses — O*NET®, Anthropic Economic Index, Eloundou et al. (2023): see full notices on the Credits page
All O*NET 31.0 task statements (11)
All O*NET 31.0 task statements for this occupation (English, as published; task type core or supplemental). Exposure values are not listed here; they are in the table above, next to each task statement as worded in the O*NET version each source used.
| Task (O*NET 31.0) | Type |
|---|---|
| Clean food preparation equipment, work areas, and counters or tables. | Core |
| Plan work on orders so that items served together are finished at the same time. | Core |
| Grill, cook, and fry foods such as french fries, eggs, and pancakes. | Core |
| Take orders from customers and cook foods requiring short preparation times, according to customer requirements. | Core |
| Complete orders from steam tables, placing food on plates and serving customers at tables or counters. | Core |
| Restock kitchen supplies, rotate food, and stamp the time and date on food in coolers. | Core |
| Perform food preparation tasks, such as making sandwiches, carving meats, making soups or salads, baking breads or desserts, and brewing coffee or tea. | Core |
| Perform general cleaning activities in kitchen and dining areas. | Core |
| Grill and garnish hamburgers or other meats, such as steaks and chops. | Supplemental |
| Order supplies and stock them on shelves. | Supplemental |
| Accept payments, and make change or write charge slips as necessary. | Supplemental |
1.14/ 3· Robot exposure index
Scale, basis and source
Each physical task is graded 0–3 by the setting in which robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated could do it (0 none · 1 purpose-built robot settings such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line · 2 structured facilities such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port · 3 unstructured settings such as a private home or a construction site), and the grades are averaged by share of working time
Physical tasks among this occupation's O*NET 29.3 tasks
Anthropic estimated the grades and time shares with Claude Opus 5 using web search, as of 2026.
The robot exposure index is a different measure from the AI exposure figures on this site and cannot be added to or compared with them. It does not measure actual adoption or cost, and 0 also covers occupations with no physical tasks.
Tier of each physical task
Robot environment tiers (E0–E3)
E0 noneDetails
Rated not doable by robots that have been deployed, sold or demonstrated, even in a purpose-built setting
E1 purpose-built robot settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting built around the machine, such as a fenced machine cell or a bottling line
E2 structured facilitiesDetails
Rated doable in a human work facility that an institution keeps to a working standard, such as a hospital pharmacy or a container port
E3 unstructured settingsDetails
Rated doable in a setting that no institution keeps to a working standard, such as a private home or a construction site
Only tasks classified as physical are listed; other tasks have no tier in the source.
| Task (O*NET 29.3) | Robot environment tier |
|---|---|
| Clean food preparation equipment, work areas, and counters or tables. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Plan work on orders so that items served together are finished at the same time. | E0 none |
| Grill, cook, and fry foods such as french fries, eggs, and pancakes. | E2 structured facilities |
| Take orders from customers and cook foods requiring short preparation times, according to customer requirements. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Grill and garnish hamburgers or other meats, such as steaks and chops. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Complete orders from steam tables, placing food on plates and serving customers at tables or counters. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Order supplies and stock them on shelves. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Restock kitchen supplies, rotate food, and stamp the time and date on food in coolers. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Perform food preparation tasks, such as making sandwiches, carving meats, making soups or salads, baking breads or desserts, and brewing coffee or tea. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Perform general cleaning activities in kitchen and dining areas. | E1 purpose-built robot settings |
| Accept payments, and make change or write charge slips as necessary. | E2 structured facilities |
Occupation information
Employment outlook (BLS)
- Employment, 2025
- 139K
- Projected employment, 2035
- 132K
- Change (2025–35)
- -5.2%
- Median annual wage, 2025
- $35,880
- Typical education needed for entry
- No formal educational credential
Korea classification links (KSCO)
Links from the current release of the Korea Occupation Direct Crosswalk v1.1, made by AI Changing Work. Relation values are read from the O*NET-SOC occupation side.
| KSCO code | KSCO title | Relation | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| 45191 | 분식 조리사 | Overlapping, not the same | confirmed |
Relation and status definitions(kr-direct v1.1)
ILO occupational description
AI Changing Work links the ISCO-08 unit groups below to this occupation by applying the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics crosswalks (2018 SOC to 2010 SOC, 2010 SOC to ISCO-08) as published, without case-by-case selection; each link may be whole or partial.
- ISCO-08 5120Cooks
- ISCO-08 9411Fast Food Preparers
Sources: ILO ISCO-08 — details: Credits
ESCO occupational vocabulary
Each entry below is matched to this occupation in the published ESCO-O*NET Crosswalk (version 1, 2022). The match types are that crosswalk's; the wording is AI Changing Work's.
- cookESCO 5120.1This occupation is narrower
cooks are culinary operatives who are able to prepare and present food, normally in domestic and institutional environments.
- grill cookESCO 5120.1.3This occupation is broader
Grill cooks prepare and present meat, vegetables and fish using grill equipment such as grills and rotisseries.
- quick service restaurant crew memberESCO 9411.2Overlapping, not the same
Quick service restaurant crew members prepare, cook and serve food and beverages in a quick service operation.
Source: European Commission, DG EMPL — ESCO API 2026-08-08 (bridge v1.2.1)
License: CC BY 4.0 (EU Reuse Notice)
ESCO reuse terms and the modification notice are in Credits.
France classification links (ROME)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and ROME 4.0 job profiles, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side. Links marked “provisional” were adopted on the judgments of two judges from the same model family (Claude) alone, or by an operator rule applied to their judgments, so they rest on weaker evidence than confirmed links.
| ROME code | ROME title (French) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| G1613 | Restaurateur ambulant / Restauratrice ambulante | This occupation is broader |
| G1612 | Crêpier / Crêpière | This occupation is broaderprovisional |
| G1603 | Equipier polyvalent / Equipière polyvalente de restauration rapide | Overlapping, not the sameprovisional |
| G1609 | Cuisinier / Cuisinière | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: France Travail — Répertoire Opérationnel des Métiers et des Emplois (ROME 4.0), version 61, last updated 15 June 2026 (https://www.data.gouv.fr/datasets/repertoire-operationnel-des-metiers-et-des-emplois-rome). Licence Ouverte 2.0.
ROME codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET-SOC occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a France Travail correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: fr-direct v1)
Spain classification links (CNO-11)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and CNO-11 occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| CNO-11 code | CNO-11 title (Spanish) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 9320 | Preparadores de comidas rápidas | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
| 5110 | Cocineros asalariados | Related, not a matchprovisional |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), National Classification of Occupations 2011 (CNO-11, Royal Decree 1591/2010) — www.ine.es · Licensed CC BY 4.0. CNO-11 codes and Spanish titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not an INE correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: es-direct v1)
Germany classification links (KldB)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and KldB occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| KldB code | KldB title (German) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 62301 | Berufe im Verkauf von Lebensmitteln (ohne Spezialisierung) - Helfer-/Anlerntätigkeiten | Overlapping, not the sameprovisional |
| 29302 | Köche/Köchinnen (ohne Spezialisierung) - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
| 63312 | Berufe in der Systemgastronomie - fachlich ausgerichtete Tätigkeiten | Related, not a match |
Source: © Statistik der Bundesagentur für Arbeit — Klassifikation der Berufe 2010 – überarbeitete Fassung 2020, https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de. KldB codes and titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own mapping (eigene Zuordnung) and are not a Bundesagentur für Arbeit correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: de-direct v1)
Japan classification links (JSCO)
AI Changing Work's links between this occupation and JSCO occupations, judged with AI models. Relations are read from this occupation's side.
| JSCO code | JSCO title (Japanese) | Relation |
|---|---|---|
| 391 | 調理人 | This occupation is narrowerprovisional |
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), Japan Standard Occupational Classification (Dec. 2009, MIC Notification No. 555). JSCO codes and Japanese titles are reproduced unchanged; the links to O*NET occupations are AI Changing Work's own judgment and are not a MIC correspondence.
(AI Changing Work link release: jp-direct v1)
Sources, licenses and AI Changing Work's modification and translation notices for this page: Credits & sources